definitions are given first. They are then commented upon, and supplemented by additional definitions, which address the threats to dependability and security (faults, errors, failures), their attributes, and the means for their achievement (fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal, fault forecasting

To achieve robust autonomy, robots must avoid getting stuck in states from which they cannot recover without external aid. While this is the role of the robot's control algorithms, these are often imperfect. We examine how to detect failures by observing the robot's internal sensors over

In 1986 Jim Gray published his landmark study of the causes of failures of Tandem systems and the techniques Tandem used to prevent such failures [6]. Seventeen years later, Internet services have replaced fault-tolerant servers as the new kid on the 24x7-availability block. Using data from three

drivers remain a significant cause of system failures. In Windows XP, for example, drivers account for 85 % of recently reported failures. This article describes Nooks, a reliability subsystem that seeks to greatly enhance operating system (OS) reliability by isolating the OS from driver failures

failures using a novel approach that combines text analysis, unsupervised text clustering, and domain models. Through industrial partnerships, this project will demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed approach with actual industry data.

To achieve robust autonomy, robots must avoid getting stuck in states from which they cannot recover without external aid. While this is the role of the robot’s con-trol algorithms, these are often imperfect. We examine how to detect failures by observing the robot’s internal sensors over time

layer failures. I will present two systems and discuss their differences and weak points. There is a couple of possibilities to improve the reliability of the healing layer. These are computational verification and common fault tolerance techniques. To minimise the possibility of failures on self

Background Insecticide-treated nets are the cornerstone of global malaria control and have been shown to reduce malaria morbidity by 50–60%. However, some areas are experiencing a resur-gence in malaria following successful control. We describe an efficacy decay framework to understand why high malaria burden persists even under high ITN coverage in a community in western Kenya. Methods We enrolled 442 children hospitalized with malaria and paired them with age, time, village and gender-matched controls. We completed comprehensive household and neighborhood assessments including entomological surveillance. The indicators are grouped into five domains in an efficacy decay framework: ITN ownership, compliance, physical integrity, vector susceptibility and facilitating factors. After variable selection, case-control data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression models and mosquito data were analyzed using negative binomial regression. Predictive margins were calculated from logistic regres-

First and 2nd graders (N = 28?) receiving Title I services received 1 of 3 kinds of classroom reading programs: direct instruction in letter-sound correspondences practiced in decodable text (direct code); less direct instruction in systematic sound-spelling patterns embedded in connected text (embedded code); and implicit instruction in the alphabetic code while reading connected text (implicit code). Children receiving direct code instruction improved in word reading at a faster rate and had higher word-recognition skills than those receiving implicit code instruction. Effects of instructional group on word recognition were moderated by initial levels of phonological processing and were most apparent in children with poorer initial phonological processing skills. Group differences in reading comprehension paralleled those for word recognition but were less robust. Groups did not differ in spelling achievement or in vocabulary growth. Results show advantages for reading instructional programs that emphasize explicit instruction in the alphabetic principle for at-risk children. Learning to speak one's native language is a natural process in that explicit teaching is not required. Reading, in contrast, has been called an "unnatural act " (Gough & Hillinger,

The public record(1) reveals that liquid pipeline service failures have occurred because of pressure-cycle-induced fatigue crack growth of defects. Our own familiarity with this phenomenon suggests that