"... In PAGE 10: ... Testing the importanceof the weighting scheme. Winnow-Day refers to the version that only updates its state at day boundaries(see Table3 ). Winnow-1 and Winnow-Day-1 are the versionsthat force all weights to remain at 1.... ..."

"... In PAGE 11: ... However, in the short condi- tion, event-related brain activity in sever- al regions was significantly correlated with choice. This set of regions included large clusters in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left inferior parietal cortex, and medial frontal cortex ( Table2 ; Figure 5, blue). Good-deck choice correlated negatively with activity in all regions (i.... In PAGE 12: ... The same held true for event-related brain activation in the long condition. In the short condition, however, event-related activa- tion in several regions significantly predicted choice of the good deck in both the short and long conditions ( Table2 ; Figure 5, green). A strong effect (correlation with choice in short condition: r 52.... In PAGE 12: ... We restricted this analysis to the short condition since brain activity in the long condition was not predictive of behavior. Several clusters survived threshold, notably including a cluster in left anterior insula ( Table2 ; Figure 5, red). Previous fMRI studies have observed insular activation in response to both negative and positive outcomes (Elliott, Friston, amp; Dolan, 2000; Knutson, Fong, Adams, Varner, amp; Hommer, 2001).... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ... apos; (p. 484) Table1 presents the data in J et al. apos;s Table 4 (p.... In PAGE 7: ... 483), the latter including generating a known rule- governed form. ________________________________________ Insert Table1 About Here ________________________________________ This interpretation of the data raises two questions: First, what pattern of data would count as evidence against the dual-mechanism theory, and second, what is the basis for the attributions about what is being computed in different brain regions? The dual-mechanism theory suggests that regular and nonce verbs should pattern together and differ from irregular verbs. The first two findings mentioned above are consistent with this prediction: there were regions activated for rule- governed forms but not exceptions and vice versa.... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ... apos; (p. 484) Table1 presents the data in J et al. apos;s Table 4 (p.... In PAGE 7: ... 483), the latter including generating a known rule- governed form. ________________________________________ Insert Table1 About Here ________________________________________ This interpretation of the data raises two questions: First, what pattern of data would count as evidence against the dual-mechanism theory, and second, what is the basis for the attributions about what is being computed in different brain regions? The dual-mechanism theory suggests that regular and nonce verbs should pattern together and differ from irregular verbs. The first two findings mentioned above are consistent with this prediction: there were regions activated for rule- governed forms but not exceptions and vice versa.... ..."

"... In PAGE 4: ... This finding suggests that these regions performed similar func- tions during the two tasks. Table2 and Fig. 3 show brain regions that were differ- entially involved in ER or VA.... In PAGE 5: ... 3). An MTL region (left parahippocampal gyrus), more posterior than the one show- ing overlapping activations, was more activated during ER than VA (see Table2 ). As indicated by the time-course plots in Fig.... In PAGE 8: ... Thus, we predicted that MTL re- gions would be more activated for ER than for VA. Although a left posterior parahippocampal region was differentially involved in ER (see Table2 ), a more anterior MTL region showed a very similar pattern of activation for ER and for VA (see Fig. 2G).... ..."

"... In PAGE 5: ... In the UW sample alone, which was smaller, genotype did not exert statistically significant effects on brain structure volumes as either a categorical or a continuous variable (Table 3). The ANCOVAs of the combined samples that included site as a covariate, however, showed significant genotype ef- fects on cortical gray matter volumes that were stron- gest for linear effects, particularly for frontal lobe gray matter volume ( Table4 ). Furthermore, the patterns of predicted values within the UW sample were similar to those from the UNC sample (Figure), and partial r2 val- ues relating total cortical gray and frontal lobe gray mat- ter volumes to genotype for the combined sample were 0.... In PAGE 5: ...10 and 0.18, respectively ( Table4 ), again indicating a substantial effect of 5-HTTLPR genotype on variability in the volumes of these structures. Cochran-Mantel- Haenszel tests that were stratified by site and used ranked Table 3.... ..."

"... In PAGE 3: ... To eliminate any motor component in the visual task, the whole brain analysis was based on nontarget trials (see Methods). The contrast between dual task trials with long and short SOA showed focused activity in frontal cortex (Figure 3a, left panel; Table2 ). Foci of frontal activity were located bilaterally in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) around the insula and in left middle frontal gyrus (MFG).... In PAGE 3: ....0.4). Accordingly, it is unlikely that our frontal effects are based on higher task switching costs at short SOA, because those would predict a similar impact of SOA on dual task activity in dual task trials with letter targets and nontargets. Resembling the pattern of results in frontal cortex, we further found effects in left middle temporal gyrus (MTG; Figure 3b, left panel; Table2 ). MTG showed reduced activation for dual task trials in which subjects missed the letter target (p,0.... In PAGE 4: ...task trials with short SOA in a) frontal cortex and b) middle temporal gyrus. Details are provided in Table2 . Time courses of activity were extracted for dual task trials with short and long SOA and nontarget letters (dual task_200_nontarget; dual task_800_nontarget), dual task trials with short and long SOA and successfully identified letter targets (dual task_200_hit; dual task_800_hit), single visual trials with nontargets and successfully identified letter targets (single task_vis_nontarget, single task_vis_hit), single auditory trials (single task_aud) and dual task trials with short SOA and letter target misses (dual task_200_miss), in contrast to the null trial activation baseline.... In PAGE 5: ...03, uncorrected; voxel threshold.60) was found in modality-specific visual cortex (see also Table2 ), but not in auditory regions. Time courses show activity for dual task trials with short and long SOA and nontarget letters (dual task_200_nontarget; dual task_800_nontarget), dual task trials with short and long SOA and successfully identified letter targets (dual task_200_hit; dual task_800_hit), single visual trials with nontargets and successfully identified letter targets (single task_vis_nontarget, single task_vis_hit), single auditory trials (single task_aud) and dual task trials with short SOA and letter target misses (dual task_200_miss), in contrast to the null trial activation baseline.... ..."

"... In PAGE 14: ...arger at higher maintenance loads (i.e., showing a statistical interaction). Imaging Data Three different analyses of the whole-brain imaging data were conducted, one testing for maintenance effects, one testing for manipulation effects, and the other testing for interactions between maintenance and manipulation. The results of these whole-brain analyses are summarized in Table2 . In the sections that follow we focus exclusively on... ..."