This paper investigates the implications of noisy information regarding the measurement of economic activity for the evaluation of monetary policy. A common implicit assumption in such evaluations is that policymakers observe the current state of the economy promptly and accurately and can

for economists to consider happiness. The first is economic policy. At the micro-level, it is often impossible to make a Pareto-optimal proposal, because a social action entails costs for some individuals. Hence an evaluation of the net effects, in terms of individual utilities, is needed. On an aggregate level

General-purpose operating systems provide inadequate support for resource management in large-scale servers. Applications lack sufficient control over scheduling and management of machine resources, which makes it difficult to enforce priority policies, and to provide robust and controlled service

in seven organizations, and results support its validity. A number of special features of the model are discussed (including its use as a basis for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects), and the model is compared to other theories of job design. Work redesign is becoming

In recent years evaluators of educational and social programs have expanded their method-ological repertoire with designs that include the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Such practice, however, needs to be grounded in a theory that can meaningfully guide the design

no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center

the multiple causes of crowding and present an up-to-date literature review of the interventions that reduce the adverse consequences of crowding. We consider interventions at the level of an individual hospital and a policy level. 1.

The Chief School Administrator shall maintain factual personnel records on all support employees and shall direct evaluation procedures. Before increments for support staff members are approved for succeeding years, administrative and supervisory personnel in the schools shall submit to the Chief

Proposal to combat obesity In light of the recent passage of a tax on saturated fats in Denmark, the US is considering whether this option would be effective against our high rates of obesity. The Denmark tax applies to foods with 2.3 % or greater of saturated fat, and thus covers a large proportion of unhealthy foods. Firstly, the Denmark tax caused many consumers to hoard foods with high fat content, but public opinion is that the tax is unlikely to discourage purchases of these foods in the future. Furthermore, as is pointed out by common Danes, Denmark is such a small country that it is reasonable for some consumers to travel to a nearby country to purchase the high-fat goods. By accessing a fat-tax, the government hopes consumers would bear the tax burden for their personal consumption choices and ultimately change to healthier eating habits. Penalizing those who are unhealthy and rewarding those who are healthy is a fundamental method that saves money in medical expenses. However, the tax is likely to have a small shifting effect of revenues moving out of the country, if it is to have an effect at all. Obesity is an issue that stems from personal choices, so why should the government intervene and get involved in citizens ’ private lives? Obesity attracts the attention of lawmakers because it has large negative externalities and internalities – the condition harms everyone. Not only does it have negative health effects, but it also affects those living around them in the form of increased insurance and health costs, and decreased productivity. Poor nutrition practices are the leading cause of death and poor health. The negative externality of increased health care costs is burdening the entire nation, including those who practice healthy eating habits. Americans who are obese have an increased risk factor for obesity related diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and chronic breathing disorders. Among adults aged 20-74 years, obesity has nearly doubled from approximately 15 percent in 1980 to an estimated 27 percent in 1999 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2003). In 2000, the economic costs attributed to obesity were estimated to be $117 billion per year. Obesity-related deaths have been estimated at 300,000 per year (U.S. Department of Health and Human

A policy evaluation