We propose a small number of basic concepts that can be used to explain the architecture of fault-tolerant distributed systems and we discuss a list of architectural issues that we find useful to consider when designing or examining such systems. For each issue we present known solutions and design alternatives, we discuss their relative merits and we give examples of systems which adopt one approach or the other. The aim is to introduce some order in the complex discipline of designing and understanding fault-tolerant distributed systems.

the mission of improving DoD’s understanding of the national security implications of the Information Age. Focusing upon improving both the state of the art and the state of the practice of command and control, the CCRP helps DoD take full advantage of the opportunities afforded by emerging technologies. The CCRP pursues a broad program of research and analysis in information superiority, information operations, command and control theory, and associated operational concepts that enable us to leverage shared awareness to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of assigned missions. An important aspect of the CCRP program is its ability to serve as a bridge between the operational, technical, analytical, and educational communities. The CCRP provides leadership for the command and control research community by: n n

Evidence challenging the accepted wisdom has been slowly accumulating (McDonnell and Oberpriller, 1984; Rumyantsev and Broisov, 1987). In the past few years, we have documented the existence of cycling ventricular myocytes in the normal and pathologic adult mammalian heart of several species, including humans (Kajstura et al., 1998; Beltrami et al., 2001; Quaini et al., 1Cardiovascular Research Institute 2002). Although these data provided an alternative view

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Recently a new parallel programming model has been presented that imposes synchronization restrictions in order to allow for fully automatic, retargetable program optimization. The motivation for the model is the conjecture that in practice the loss of parallelism due to the inherent

Quartz, S. & Sejnowski, T.J. (1997). The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto.

XIII SAMENVATTING XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Aims 1 1.2 The Contributions 3 1.3 The Background 4 1.4 The Model 4 1.5 The Results 5 1.6 How to Read the Thesis 6 2. THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 9 2.1 Universal Tendencies of Human Sound Systems 9 2.1.1 Regularities of systems of speech sounds. 10 2.1.2 Regularities of speech sound sequences. 11 2.1.3 Explanations of regularities based on features. 11 2.1.4 Stevens' quantal theory of speech. 12 2.1.5 Carr' s distinctive region model. 12 2.1.6 Predicting sound systems as a whole. 13 2.1.7 How sound systems have become optimised. 14 2.1.8 Glotin' s AGORA model. 15 2.1.9 Berrah' s ESPECE model. 15 2.2 Steels' Work 16 2.2.1 Language as an open, complex dynamic system. 17 2.2.2 Language as an adaptive system. 18 2.2.3 Mechanisms of language origins. 18 2.2.4 Arguments against innateness of language. 20 2.3 The Use of Computer Simulations 21 iv 2.4 The Research Questions 22 3. THE SIMULATION 23 3.1 The History of the Simul...

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for understanding loss of chaotic synchronization in these unidirectionally coupled systems. PACS numbers: 05.45.-e Keywords: I.

d more problems getting more time communicating on procedures than organized. GSS less goal oriented did manual. than manual. No difference in (System opacity) decision quality. Adaptability to technology and group are key. 184 Zigurs, Process Structure- The joint groups (which included a The results suggest that the Wilson, Sloane, Restrictiveness chauffeur) had the highest solution quality. simulation system helped groups Reitsma, & Lewis, Group Performance The subjects had difficulties in improve their performance through 1994 Solution quality: Ns understanding the tasks. No-model groups improving their understanding of Group Perception finished after they first agreed upon task constraints. The availability Perceived quality: Joint> Shared, No-Model> solutions, joint and shared groups work of the system encouraged groups to Shared, Group behavior: Ns through several iterations. continue working on the task. Participation: Ns Chauffeured groups have higher Solution Sati