The approximation of strong discontinuities simulates the fracture process, experi-mented by a continuum, during deformation process, as a jump in the displacement field. To solve the strong discontinuities approach, finite elements with embedded discontinu-ities have been studied and developed in recent years. They capture the jump of the

Long a matter of folklore, the “small-world phenomenon ” — the principle that we are all linked by short chains of acquaintances — was inaugurated as an area of experimental study in the social sciences through the pioneering work of Stanley Milgram in the 1960’s. This work was among the first

-Bayes slightly outperformed C4.5 on average. We also show that in some cases, the performance of the C4.5 induction algorithm signi cantly improved if features were discretized in advance � in our experiments, the performance never signi cantly degraded, an interesting phenomenon considering the fact that C4

The phenomenon of the Anderson localization of waves in elastic systems is studied. We analyze this phe-nomenon in two different sets of systems: disordered linear chains of harmonic oscillators and disordered rods which oscillate with torsional waves. The first set is analyzed numerically whereas

Abstract We study the effect of the stochastic character of supernova explosions on the anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays below the knee. We conclude that if the bulk of cosmic rays are produced in supernova explosions the observed small and nearly energy independent amplitude of the anisotropy and its phase are to the large extent determined by the history of these explosions in the vicinity of the solar system, namely by the location and the age of the supernova remnants, within a few kpc, which give the highest contibution to the total intensity at the present epoch. Among the most important factors which result in the small magnitude and the energy independence of the anisotropy amplitude are the mixed primary mass composition, the effect of the Single Source and the Galactic Halo. Special attention is given to the phase of the anisotropy. It is shown that the excessive cosmic ray ux from the Outer Galaxy can be due to the location of the Solar System at the inner edge of the Orion Arm which has the enhanced density and rate of supernova explosions. I.

Exchange rate regime optimality, as well as monetary policy effectiveness, depends on the tightness of the link between exchange rate movements and import prices. Recent debates hinge on whether producer-currency-pricing (PCP) or local currency pricing (LCP) of imports is more prevalent

This paper describes a new NMR imaging modality-MR diffusion tensor imaging. It consists of estimating an effective diffusion tensor, Deff, within a voxel, and then displaying useful quantities derived from it. We show how the phenomenon of anisotropic diffusion of water (or metabolites

, it is not obvious how to define these collaboration groups. This paper presents the application of geometric duality to form such groups for sensor selection and non-local phenomena tracking. Using a dual-space transformation, which maps a non-local phenomenon, e.g., the edge of a half-plane shadow, to a single

The small-world phenomenon formalized in this article as the coincidence of high local clustering and short global separation, is shown to be a general feature of sparse, decentralized networks that are neither completely ordered nor completely random. Networks of this kind have received little

different perspective. The Gibbs phenomenon, as we view it, deals with the issue of recovering point values of a function from its expansion coefficients. Alternatively it can be viewed as the possibility of the recovery of local information from global information. The main theme here is not the structure