In this paper we analyse the well known Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol using FDR, a refinement checker for CSP. We use FDR to discover an attack upon the protocol, which allows an intruder to impersonate another agent. We adapt the protocol, and then use FDR to show that the new protocol

We present a system for identifying the semantic relationships, or semantic roles, filled by constituents of a sentence within a semantic frame. Various lexical and syntactic features are derived from parse trees and used to derive statistical classifiers from hand-annotated training data. 1

Articial intelligence researchers attempting to create engaging apparently living creatures may nd important insight in the work of artists who have explored the idea of believable character In particular appropriately timed and clearly expressed emotion is a central requirement for believable characters We discuss these ideas and suggest how they may apply to believable interactive characters which we call believable agents This work was supported in part by Fujitsu Laboratories and Mitsubishi Electric Research Laborato ries The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the ocial policies either expressed or implied of any other parties Keywords articial intelligence emotion believable agents art animation believable characters BELIEVABILITY Believability There is a notion in the Arts of believable character It does not mean an honest or reliable character but one that provides the illusion of life and thus permits the audience s suspension of disbelief The idea of believability has long been studied and explored in literature theater lm radio drama and other media Traditional character animators are among those artists who have sought to create believable characters and the Disney animators of the s made great strides toward this goal The rst page of the enormous classic reference work on Disney animation Thomas and Johnston begins with these words Disney animation makes audiences really believe in characters whose adventures and misfortunes make people laugh and even cry There is a special ingredient in our type of animation that produces drawings that appear to think and make decisions and act of their own volition it is what creates the illusion of life Many articial intelligence researchers have long wished to build robots and their cousins called agents that seem to think feel and live These are creatures with whom you d want to share some of your life as with a companion or a social pet For instance in his

In a cell or microorganism the processes that generate mass, energy, information transfer, and cell fate specification are seamlessly integrated through a complex network of various cellular constituents and reactions. However, despite the key role these networks play in sustaining various cellular

Abstract. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a key role in developmental biology and in maintenance of the steady state in continuously renewing tissues. Currently, its existence is inferred mainly from gel electrophoresis of a pooled DNA extract as PCD was shown to be associated with DNA

In this article we propose a standard for role-based access control (RBAC). Although RBAC models have received broad support as a generalized approach to access control, and are well recognized for their many advantages in performing large-scale authorization management, no single authoritative

The theoretical framework presented in this article explains expert performance as the end result of individuals ' prolonged efforts to improve performance while negotiating motivational and external constraints. In most domains of expertise, individuals begin in their childhood a regimen of effortful activities (deliberate practice) designed to optimize improvement. Individual differences, even among elite performers, are closely related to assessed amounts of deliberate practice. Many characteristics once believed to reflect innate talent are actually the result of intense practice extended for a minimum of 10 years. Analysis of expert performance provides unique evidence on the potential and limits of extreme environmental adaptation and learning. Our civilization has always recognized exceptional individuals, whose performance in sports, the arts, and science is vastly superior to that of the rest of the population. Speculations on the causes of these individuals ' extraordinary abilities and performance are as old as the first records of their achievements. Early accounts commonly attribute these individuals' outstanding performance to divine intervention, such as the

Matching elements of two data schemas or two data instances plays a key role in data warehousing, e-business, or even biochemical applications. In this paper we present a matching algorithm based on a fixpoint computation that is usable across different scenarios. The algorithm takes two graphs

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We provide formal definitions and efficient secure techniques for • turning noisy information into keys usable for any cryptographic application, and, in particular, • reliably and securely authenticating biometric data. Our techniques apply not just to biometric information, but to any keying