This short report discusses the findings of a UK survey of parents whose children took their own lives. The research was a collaboration between PAPYRUS, a voluntary organisation which aims to prevent suicide among young people, and the University of Hull. A total of 46 parents completed the survey

as other key atmospheric features that affect the United States, including climate variations associated with major modes of climate variability, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (Section 2.3). Global and regional surface temperature trends in reanalysis datasets are broadly consistent with those

entrepreneurs ’ has economic and environmental impact on Sumatra. 2. About half of the fire ‘hot spots ’ in Riau province occur on land with an active permit for large-scale operations (industrial timber, oil palm and logging); the rest occur outside permitted areas for land-use conversion. 3. Hot spots are concentrated on the deepest peat soil, in areas that already were deforested before 2010. 4. On mineral soils, hot spots are most frequent in logged-over forests. 5. The hot spots are concentrated in three districts. The pattern points to large differences in governance within the province. Sufficient real-time data is now available for government agencies to act but data confidentiality still limits public discourse.

The institutional context of Chinese industry creates complicated and long decision processes. This has powerful consequences for the ability of Chinese business organisations to coordinate, motivate, and adapt. Complex institutional influences in complex supervisory structures increase the coordination challenges, often compounded by lack of transparency. Chinese business organisations therefore are shot through with coordination failure, and there is reason to believe that where coordination does not fail, coordination costs are high. Chinese business organisations also appear hampered in their ability to motivate actors, align their incentives and thereby solve the problem of assuring cooperation between actors. The attention to the motivations of a large number of external actors appears to make aligning incentives difficult, and the shift from political to economic and firm-level rewards supposedly makes the task of assuring incentive alignment more challenging. Finally, Chinese business organisations tend to promote stability and refinement over adaptation and innovation. The design of Chinese decision making structures in and

Women in their Fifties: well-being, ageing and anticipation of ageing Concern about ageing western societies has led to an increase in research into later adulthood and old age. In the UK, however, there have been relatively few studies of women’s experiences of mid-life. Women at mid-life are affected by a range of issues and are more likely to be in paid work and to be facing separation and divorce than previous generations. This briefing paper reports on a small qualitative study which explored the everyday experiences of women aged 50-59 – a topic area in which there has been little previous research. The study focused on the opportunities and challenges facing fifty-something women in a range of different social and economic circumstances.

and practices of care crfr Workplace policies and practices of care Workplace policies and practices of care are designed to support workers ’ caring responsibilities outside of the workplace as well as their general wellbeing. A previous CRFR briefing (McKie et al 2004) detailed the ‘carescapes ’ framework for evaluating an individual worker’s caring practices. This briefing looks at how the framework can be extended and used to consider workplace policy, services and structures and how these combine to support care.

Most households that own mutual funds are headed by individuals in their peak earnings and savings years. Almost two-thirds of mutual fund-owning households are headed by individuals between the ages of 35 and 64. Most mutual fund owners are employed; most have moderate household incomes. Almost three-quarters of individuals heading households that own mutual funds are employed either full- or part-time. Nearly three in five U.S. households that own mutual funds have incomes between $25,000 and $99,999. Households that own mutual funds often hold several funds, and equity funds are the most commonly owned mutual fund. Among households that own mutual funds, eight in 10 hold more than one fund, and four in five own equity funds. Almost all mutual fund investors focus on retirement saving. Saving for retirement is one of the household’s financial goals for nine of 10 mutual fund-owning households, and almost three-quarters indicate that retirement saving is their household’s primary financial goal. Employer-sponsored retirement plans are increasingly the gateway to mutual fund ownership. Two-thirds of fund-owning households that purchased their first fund in 2000 or later purchased that fund through an employer-sponsored retirement plan, compared with half of those that made their first purchase before 1990. In 2007, two-thirds of mutual fund-owning households own funds inside employer-sponsored retirement plans. Almost three-quarters of mutual fund-owning households hold funds outside of employer-sponsored retirement plans.

In 2009, most households that owned mutual funds were headed by individuals in their peak earning and saving years. About two-thirds of mutual fund–owning households were headed by individuals between the ages of 35 and 64. The majority of mutual fund owners were employed and had moderate household incomes. Nearly threequarters of individuals heading households owning mutual funds were employed either full- or part-time. Nearly three in five U.S. households owning mutual funds had incomes between $25,000 and $99,999. Mutual fund–owning households often held several funds, and equity funds were the most commonly owned type of mutual fund. Among households owning mutual funds, 86 percent held more than one fund, and more than three-quarters owned equity funds. Almost all mutual fund investors were focused on retirement saving. Saving for retirement was one of the financial goals for 94 percent of mutual fund–owning households, and more than three-quarters indicated that retirement saving was the household’s primary financial goal. Employer-sponsored retirement plans are increasingly the gateway to fund ownership. More than two-thirds of fund-owning households that purchased their first fund in 2000 or later purchased that fund through an employer-sponsored retirement plan, as compared to 56 percent of those that made their first purchase before 1990. In 2009, 37 percent of mutual fund–owning households owned funds both inside and outside employer-sponsored retirement plans. An additional 31 percent owned mutual funds only inside employersponsored retirement plans.

Sweden enjoys an 81.5 % employment rate for all levels of education – the second highest rate of all OECD countries after Iceland (Table A7.1b). Some 10 % of 15-29 year-olds in Sweden are neither in education nor employed (NEET) – one of the smallest percentage of NEETs among all OECD countries (Chart C5.1). Sweden spends USD 11 400 per student from primary to tertiary education, more than the OECD average of USD 9 249 (Table B1.1). • Some 7.3 % of Sweden’s GDP is devoted to spending on education, while the OECD average is 5.8% (Table B4.1). In Sweden, the annual income for teachers at the end of their careers is USD 38 696, compared with the OECD average of USD 45 100. Sweden, with a population of 9.5 million, maintains a generous welfare system, with compensations for such life-changing events as illness or retirement, and an emphasis on providing equal benefits for all people (Larsson, Bäck, 2008). As a result, tax revenue as a percentage of GDP in Sweden is high – up to 45.8 % in 2010, among the highest across OECD countries. Consequently, while employment rates are relatively high at all levels of education, after-tax earnings are relatively low for individuals.

Entry rates for higher education increased after Italy introduced a new degree structure in the early 2000s. While university-level attainment still remains below the OECD average, the gap for younger generations of Italians is expected to narrow over the next decade. Women have made notable progress in higher education in Italy. More than one in five 15-29 year-olds in Italy are neither in education nor employed, and many children of parents with low levels of education are caught in a low-education trap. Italy allocates a large share of educational expenditures to support pre-primary and primary students. Private expenditure on education increased more than public expenditure in recent years. ITALY – Country Note – Education at a Glance 2012: OECD Indicators Entry rates into higher education increased after Italy introduced a new degree structure in the early 2000s, but attainment rates remain below the OECD average. The proportion of young people in Italy who can expect to enter university-level higher education programmes over their lifetime increased from 39 % in 2000 to 49 % in 2010 (Table C3.3), and the proportion of young people expected to graduate from such programmes over their lifetime increased even faster, from