in the level of financial development. Using both traditional cross-section, instrumental variable procedures and recent dynamic panel techniques, we find that the exogenous components of financial intermediary development is positively associated with economic growth. Also, the data show that cross

, but these protocols do not scale effectively to large sensor networks. For a given level of security, each protocol incurs a linearly increasing overhead in either communication cost per node or memory per node. We describe Peer Intermediaries for Key Establishment (PIKE), a class of key-establishment protocols

of risk premia during crises and the speed of reversion in risk premia from a crisis back to precrisis levels. We evaluate the effect of three government policies: reducing intermediaries borrowing costs, injecting equity capital, and purchasing distressed assets. Injecting equity capital is particularly

be frictionlessly hedged in the capital market. This approach allows us to show how bank-level risk management considerations should factor into the pricing of those risks that cannot be easily hedged. We examine several applications, including: the evaluation of proprietary trading operations; and the pricing

The intra- and extracellular concentrations of a number of phosphorylated inter-mediary metabolites in Escherichia coli were measured radiochemically during growth in low phosphate (0.75 mM) media containing [32P]Pi. Distribution studies showed that most of the monophosphate metabolites were

Abstract. We propose a new definition for characterizing levels of consistency. A perspective is to provide new tools for classifying filtering algorithms, including incomplete algorithms based on the semantics of constraints. 1

We discuss gauge-mediated models which employ a tree-level mass term in the superpotential. We give explicit composite realizations in which the mass terms are not fundamental. Instead, they arise as effective terms in the superpotential from confining gauge dynamics. 1Work supported in part

, and protection against oxidant stress. The ATP content of the lung is maintained by oxidative metabolism at levels comparable to other metabolically active organs. Alterations in lung intermediary metabolism may depress amine clearance, alter lung permeability, and influence the lung response to oxidant stress

Abstract We propose an intermediary-level semantic representation, providing a higher level of abstraction than syntactic parse trees, while not committing to decisions in cases such as quantification, grounding or verbspecific roles assignments. The proposal is centered around the proposition

How costly is the poor governance of market intermediaries? Using unique trade level data from the stock market in Pakistan, we find that when brokers trade on their own behalf, they earn annual rates of return that are 50-90 percentage points higher than those earned by outside investors. Neither