Nonlinear mixed effects models for data in the form of continuous, repeated measurements on each of a number of individuals, also known as hierarchical nonlinear models, are a popular platform for analysis when interest focuses on individual-specific characteristics. This framework first enjoyed

and optimization mechanism. Evolved biota demonstrate optimized complex behavior at every level: the cell, the organ, the individual, and the population. The problems that biological species have solved are typified by chaos, chance, temporality, and nonlinear interactivities. These are also characteristics

to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review

motivated work behavior to develop; (b) the characteristics of jobs that can create these psychological states; and (c) the attributes of individuals that determine how positively a person will respond to a complex and challenging job. The model was tested for 658 employees who work on 62 different jobs

discontinuity in any pre-determined (or “baseline”) variables at the RD threshold. Specifically, consider a standard treatment evaluation problem in which treatment is assigned to an individual if and only if V> v0, but where v0 is a known threshold, and V is observable. V can depend on the individual’s

. The unexpectedly wide taxonomic utility ofthese primers offers opportunities for phylogenetic and population research. During the past decade, geneticists and taxonomists have used restriction endonucleases rather than sequencing to examine variation within and between species in specific segments of DNA (1

into inter- and intra-occupational differences shows that two thirds of the wage gap are due to differences between occupations. Individual-specific characteristics contribute negatively to the wage gap, i.e. in favour of women. Decomposing by real authority level shows a larger unexplained part of the wage

we use fixed-effects models with three waves of Women’s Employment Study (WES) data to control for unobservable time-invariant individual-specific characteris-tics. Included in our analyses were 598 women, from an urban county in Michigan who were on the welfare rolls in February of 1997, all of whom

This paper investigates whether and how individual managers affect corporate behavior and performance. We construct a manager-firm matched panel data set which enables us to track the top managers across different firms over time. We find that manager fixed effects matter for a wide range

refugees across locations conditional on six individual-specific characteristics. The results show that refugees with unfavourable unobserved characteristics are found to self-select into ethnic enclaves. Furthermore, taking account of negative self-selection, a relative standard deviation increase