occurrence data

to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose

Grid technologies enable large-scale sharing of resources within formal or informal consortia of individuals and/or institutions: what are sometimes called virtual organizations. In these settings, the discovery, characterization, and monitoring of resources, services, and computations

and the distribution of data values is also very different from the original distribution. While it is not possible to accurately estimate original values in individual data records, we propose a-novel reconstruction procedure to accurately estimate the distribution of original data values. By using

We examine properties of residual-based tests for the null of no cointegration for dynamic panels in which both the short-run dynamics and the long-run slope coefficients are permitted to be heterogeneous across individual members of the panel+ The tests also allow for individual heterogeneous

and optimization mechanism. Evolved biota demonstrate optimized complex behavior at every level: the cell, the organ, the individual, and the population. The problems that biological species have solved are typified by chaos, chance, temporality, and nonlinear interactivities. These are also characteristics

this paper, Gnutella is no exception to this finding, and an experimental study of its user patterns shows indeed that free riding is the norm rather than the exception. If distributed systems such as Gnutella rely on voluntary cooperation, rampant free riding may eventually render them useless

Abstract. Random forests are a combination of tree predictors such that each tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled independently and with the same distribution for all trees in the forest. The generalization error for forests converges a.s. to a limit as the number of trees

It is possible to combine multiple latent-variable models of the same data by multiplying their probability distributions together and then renormalizing. This way of combining individual “expert ” models makes it hard to generate samples from the combined model but easy to infer the values

and reallocated among firms through the job creation and destruction process to create wealth and income, but jobs also play the major role in income distribution. For most families, the earnings which jobs generate are the basis of their income-and income distribution has been a topic of intense interest