, the transition/transversion rate ratio, the shape parameter of the gamma distribution for variable evolutionary rates at sites, and rate parameters for different genes; (ii) likelihood ratio test of hypotheses concerning sequence evolution, such as rate con-stancy and independence among sites and rate constancy

We have systematically made a set of precisely defined, single-gene deletions of all nonessential genes in Escherichia coli K-12. Open-reading frame coding regions were replaced with a kanamycin cassette flanked by FLP recognition target sites by using a one-step method for inactivation

, the effect of user "think time", and the superimposition of many such transfers in a local area network. To do this we rely on empirically measured distributions both from our traces and from data independently collected at over thirty WWW sites.

Abstract We discuss findings from a large-scale study of Internet packet dynamics conducted by tracing 20,000 TCP bulk transfers between 35 Internet sites. Because we traced each 100 Kbyte transfer at both the sender and the receiver, the measurements allow us to distinguish between the end

Designing and maintaining Web applications is one of the major challenges for the software industry of the year 2000. In this paper we present Web Modeling Language (WebML), a notation for specifying complex Web sites at the conceptual level. WebML enables the high-level description of a Web site

automatically extract information from unfamiliar Web sites? (4) What aspects of the Web facilitate this competence? In this paper we investigate these issues with a case study using the ShopBot. ShopBot is a fullyimplemented, domain-independent comparison-shopping agent. Given the home pages of several on

to explore the solution space and makes the split and merge process reversible at a middle level vision formulation. Thus it achieves globally optimal solution independent of initial segmentations. Secondly, instead of computing a single maximum a posteriori solution, it proposes a mathematical principle

mechanism of multiple mutations but that hormonal control of growth might play an independent part. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the relation between mortality and age for cancer of different sites for each sex and to see whether hypothesis can account for the data when it is recognized

-of-subfunction, the probability of duplicate-gene preservation can be appreciable if the long-term effective population size is on the order of 10 5 or smaller, especially if there are more than two independently mutable subfunctions per locus. Even a moderate incidence of partial loss-of-function mutations greatly elevates

Abstract — We investigate robust wireless communication in high-scattering propagation environments using multi-element antenna arrays (MEA’s) at both transmit and receive sites. A simplified, but highly spectrally efficient space–time communication processing method is presented. The user’s bit