| A new block code is introduced which is capable of correcting multiple insertion, deletion and substitution errors present in a single block. An inner code resilient to synchronisation errors provides soft inputs to an outer code capable of correcting substitution errors. The decoder does

Nucleotide substitution, insertion and deletion (indel) events are the major driving forces that have shaped genomes. Using the recently identified human ribosomal protein (RP) pseudogene sequences, we have thoroughly studied DNA mutation patterns in the human genome. We analyzed a total of 1

Phylogenetic relationships among Chilean species of Drimys as well as D. granadensis from Central America and D. angustifolia from Brazil were reconstructed using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a parsimony analysis. Our results at the family level were congruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Molecular data indicate that the Juan Fernandez Island endemic D. confertifolia diverged early in the evolution of the genus, and it is not closely related to the continental species D. winteri, as might be expected on the basis of morphology and biogeography. The ITS phylogeny also provides general support for a recent distribution of species on the western side of the Andes Mountains; the only exception is D. andina, which may represent an early divergence that occurred just before the Quaternary. The only species examined from east of the Andes, D. angustifolia, also represents an early divergence in the genus, which is in agreement with the ancient pollen record in Argentinean Patagonia and the lack of Tertiary records in Chile.

of substitutions as well as distinction between insertion and deletion events. By integrating information across multiple acutely infected hosts, we find evidence of adaptive evolution of HIV-1 env and identify a subset of codon sites that diversified more rapidly than can be explained by a model of neutral

To understand how protein segments are inserted and deleted during divergent evolution, a set of pairwise alignments contained exactly one gap, and therefore arising from the first insertion–deletion (indel) event in the time separating the homologs, was examined. The alignments showed

predisposing genetic variants (polymor-phisms) have been recognized [2-4]. The heterogeneity of this disorder renders the understanding of risk factors and sequence of events obscure. Currently the involvement of sensitivity. Inconsistency between insulin resistant and in-sulin sensitizing adipokines

in human history and are shared among individuals by descent 9-11 . Very small common deletions and insertions, in the range of 1-5 bp, show strong linkage disequilibrium with common SNPs, which suggests that, although the mechanisms giving rise to them may differ, these polymorphisms share a similar

Direct Sanger sequencing of a diploid template containing a heterozygous insertion or deletion results in a difficult-tointerpret mixed trace formed by two allelic traces superimposed onto each other. Existing computational methods for deconvolution of such traces require knowledge of a reference

Deletion between directly repeated DNA sequences in bacteriophage T7-infected Escherichia coli was examined. The phage ligase gene was interrupted by insertion of synthetic DNA designed so that the inserts were bracketed by 10-bp direct repeats. Deletion between the direct repeats eliminated

Motivation: A quantitative study of molecular evolutionary events such as substitutions, insertions and deletions from closely related genomes requires (i) an accurate multiple sequence alignment program and (ii) a method to annotate the insertions and deletions that explain the “gaps