the original function. However, empirical evidence from genome duplication events suggests that gene duplicates are preserved in genomes far more commonly and for periods far in excess of the expectations under this model, and whereas some gene duplicates clearly evolve new functions, there is little evidence

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards " (STD 1) for the standardization state and status

U.S. banks have disappeared by merger at the rate of 1.75 per business day between 1980 and the present. During these two decades, approximately 8,200 unassisted bank mergers and 1,160 assisted mergers of distressed banks have occurred. 1 From a peak of 14,483 commercial banks in 1984, the number of insured commercial banks fell to 8,563 by the end of 1999. The ownership of about $2.5 trillion of banking assets has changed through mergers during this time – more than half the U.S. total. These mergers have brought consolidation with a vengeance. The 25 largest banks control 70 % of all assets, and are expected to control 85 % of bank assets in another decade –mostly via mergers. Figure 1 presents estimates of the banks and bank assets acquired in the 1980-1999 period; Figure 2 illustrates the dramatic decline in the number of commercial banks (and savings institutions). This dramatic industrial shift raises some basic questions: why are banks merging? will mergers enhance efficiency in banking? is consolidation good for banking customers? It has been widely assumed by the business press, bankers, and most regulators that the answers to these questions are yes, yes, and yes. This reflects widespread agreement that the United States economy is “overbanked ” and therefore inefficient. This view has been established as the

are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board nor the staff of the Federal Reserve System. I am grateful for comments and suggestions from Jason Cummins, Steve Oliner, and an anonymous referee, and members of the Capital Markets Section at the

and guidelines for a development team that faces Model Drivel Architecture. This document is a distillation of the information available in the MODA-TEL deliverables D3.1 and D3.2. The information contained herein is strongly based on the contents of these deliverables that have been made publicly available

to advocate a particular mode of IS research irrespective of the particular IS topic being studied. Evidence for both these contentions can he found in the results of a study undertaken by Vogel and Wetherbe [6]. For example, they suggest that as much as 85 percent of published IS research undertaken

, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our

, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You

The authors suggest that procedural and distributive factors interactively combine to influence individuals' reactions to their encounters with other people, groups, and organizations. Results from 45 independent samples (reviewed herein) show that (a) level of procedural justice is more

Business cycles appear to be large, persistent, and asymmetric relative to the shocks hitting the economy. This observation suggests the existence of an asymmetric amplification and propagation mechanism, which transforms the shocks into the observed movements in aggregate output. This article