between programming errors, errors in modeling, and errors in algorithms (see Figure 1). We’ve all sat in meetings and discussed whether a peculiar wiggle in a graph represents an algorithm problem (such as neglecting to include a possibly negligible term) or a modeling one (such as ignoring a possibly important physical process). Usually it turns out to be nothing so esoteric: we come back the next week and learn that it was a bug. Reliability is the principle benefit of reuse, not the saving of coding time. 1 Given that correctness is so important to us, you would think that reusing existing, reliable components would be the dominant behavior in our field, but this is far from true. The reasons why are more technical than social, but we can solve the problem. As we move into the era of open-source science, however, we must not repeat our

Simulating how the global Internet behaves is an immensely challenging undertaking because of the network's great heterogeneity and rapid change. The heterogeneity ranges from the individual links that carry the network's traffic, to the protocols that interoperate over the links

for this state of affairs is that existing theories of work The authors express great appreciation to members of the consulting firm that helped us gain access to the organizations where this research was conducted; to Kenneth Brousseau, Daniel Feldman, and Linda Frank for assistance in data collection

, they have great difficulty because these harsh conditions are different from thost of the local objects they are used to dealing with. Third, IDL hides information about the tradeoffs any implementation of an object must make. Fourth, there is presently no way to systematically reuse current technology

Zygmunt Bauman tells us that liquid modernity is an age of both chances and dangers. It is a paradoxical age inwhich our attempts ‘to relate ’ to each other are thwarted by the threat of ‘being related’, our hope for collective security and togetherness at oddswith our desire for individual freedomandchoice.As such, it is an age inwhichweprefer to roam freely in virtual networks, choosingwhen and how to connect with others. Facilitating this formof liquid life is the growing consumption and usage of new communications technology. As the starting point for a newprogrammeof research at theBauman Institute, this article provides a critical evaluation of the role of new technology in liquid modernity with a particular focus upon its impact upon our perception of time. Presented here as two dialectical relationships, I argue that the professed capacity of new technology to ‘connect people ’ and to ‘save time ’ actually result in their opposites, namely: a curiously ‘hurried life ’ in which we spend much of our waking lives interacting with digital screens rather than engaging in human face-to-face contact, and in which, for all of our frenetic productivity, we are perhaps becoming more

Computational complexity studies the intrinsic difficulty of mathematically posed problems and seeks optimal means for their solutions. This is a rich and diverse field; for the purpose of this paper we present a greatly simplified picture. Computational complexity may be divided into two branches

that individual Ss will vary greatly in the particular rules that are formed and the exceptions that are stored. Averaged classification data are presumed to represent mixtures of these highly idiosyncratic rules and exceptions. RULEX accounts for numerous fundamental classification phenomena, including prototype

A fundamental difficulty in automatic formal verification of finite-state systems is the state explosion problem -- even relatively simple systems can produce very large state spaces, causing great difficulties for methods that rely on explicit state enumeration. We address the problem

Simulating how the global Internet data network behaves is an immensely challenging undertaking because of the network's great heterogeneity and rapid change. The heterogeneity ranges from the individual links that carry the network's traffic, to the protocols that interoperate over

ABSTRACT The European construction industry is currently experiencing great difficulties and challenges but in