"... In PAGE 45: ... Figure 10. General Problems in Negotiating Formal Agreements 24% 40% 36% 1% 24% 40% 30% 6% 23% 34% 36% 7% 19% 31% 41% 9% 14% 38% 37% 10% 9% 23% 55% 12% 14% 20% 49% 17% 18% 28% 35% 19% 11% 28% 40% 21% 8% 11% 55% 27% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Prevented project proceeding Other party had leverage Eroded trust Too costly Difficulties with industry Differing expectations Became too complex Difficulties with university Difficulties with government Unreasonable delays in project commencement Never Rarely Sometimes Often One-way ANOVAs were conducted to examine differences in frequencies of negotiation issues by organisational role (see Table19 ). Respondents who have legal and contract roles (compared to those in research roles) more often encountered the problem of the other party having all the leverage (mean=2.... ..."

"... In PAGE 46: ...**p lt;.001, **p lt;.01, *p lt;.05 a, b Significant differences between roles Table20 presents the mean frequencies of general negotiation problems by disciplinary area, and Table 21 presents means by level of involvement in e- Research. There were no significant differences by disciplinary area, with both those in science and technology and the arts citing unreasonable delays in project ... ..."

"... In PAGE 7: ... In fact, few studies have made such an attempt. A listing of all published empirical studies on the subject is provided in Table1 . All of these studies involved U.... In PAGE 8: ...8 Copies of the consensus ratings, along with a draft of the paper, were then sent to each of the authors in Table1 . They were asked to comment on the ratings of their study.... In PAGE 8: ...apers. This information and the authors apos; opinions were used to adjust the final ratings. Early drafts of my paper were also circulated among researchers from November 1980 to November 1981 to identify any relevant studies that might have been omitted. The studies in Table1 represent a complete listing of the relevant published research. Unpublished research was excluded due- to cost, the impossibility of ensuring that these papers would be representative of all unpublished studies, and the fact that it would then become impractical for anyone to replicate my study.... In PAGE 8: ... Unpublished research was excluded due- to cost, the impossibility of ensuring that these papers would be representative of all unpublished studies, and the fact that it would then become impractical for anyone to replicate my study. The most obvious thing to observe in Table1 is the number of ? . The studies did not provide sufficient information on the nature of the planning process as 60 per cent of the entries were rated ? .... In PAGE 8: ... But 80 per cent of the studies limited themselves to an assessment solely of the impact of planning upon the stockholders. Despite the limitations of the studies in Table1 , a pattern did emerge. In general, formal planning was useful: improved performance was noted in 10 of 15 comparisons, with five of these improvements statistically significant at the 0.... In PAGE 9: ... Under formal planning, the revenue increases might be used, say, to invest in equipment for pollution control, instead of being paid to stockholders. Alternative Explanations For many of the studies in Table1 , the direction of causality was not clear. Did planning yield higher profits, or did firms with.... In PAGE 9: ...rofits, or did firms with. more profits spend more on planning? Many would argue in favor of the latter hypothesis. If true, this would help to explain the positive outcome in my assessment of planning. This alternative hypothesis is especially serious for five of the last six studies in Table1 (all except Kallman/Shapiro) because their financial criteria covered the period prior to the time when the distinction was made between those that used formal panning and those that did not. If anything, one would expect benefits to come well after the introduction of planning.... In PAGE 9: ... If anything, one would expect benefits to come well after the introduction of planning. If one discards these studies and uses only the first seven comparisons in Table1 , however, the results still favour planning: six improved comparisons with one tie, and three of the six improvements were significant at P lt; 0.05.... In PAGE 10: ... These results suggest that the alternative explanation of bias due to poor methodology is a likely candidate. As a further test of the potential bias due to poor methodology, I examined the outcomes for the six studies that used the poorest methodology in Table1 (rated at 0 or 1 on the Terpstra 1981 scale). If this were indeed a source of bias, one would predict that these studies should have had more favorable conclusions about formal planning than did the six studies using better methodology (rated at 2 or 3).... In PAGE 10: ... (1970), Thune and House (1970), Harju (1981), Karger and Malik (1975), and Wood and LaForge (1979, 1981). A copy of the ratings for each of the studies in Table1... ..."

"... In PAGE 3: ... It was shown only after MRP had gained general acceptance that the method does show good accuracy in simulation, perform- ing about equally with analyses of the primary character data at reconstructing a known model tree [16]. Formal supertrees have been constructed for many groups of mammals, other vertebrates, and plants, and almost exclusively using MRP ( Table2 ). Some of these phylogenies are among the largest ever constructed (e.... ..."

"... In PAGE 9: ... In general the results have been successful, but comments concerning individual cases are included below. Table2 summarizes these experiments.2 For a recent comprehensive market study of safety-related computer controlled systems in general, resulting from a survey of many businesses and other relevant organizations concerned with safety-critical systems in the UK, see [44].... ..."

"... In PAGE 11: ... In general the results have been successful, but comments concerning individual cases are included below. Table4 summarizes these experiments. 3 3 A under a column heading indicates whether a particular activitywas undertaken as part of the project.... ..."

"... In PAGE 5: ...able 3. Informal methods of IP protection................................................ 34 Table4 .... In PAGE 51: ... In his analysis Miles distinguished the way in which firms protected their IP and innovations on the basis of formal IPR and informal methods of protection. It is interesting to note that figures reported in Table4 below for use of copyright as a formal method protection range between zero per cent in the Always category to 90 per cent in the Never category. This prompts one to question if the service firms that were surveyed know that copyright is automatic.... In PAGE 51: ... Alternatively, these responses may suggest that the respondents were referring only to the use of copyright notices that accompany the delivery of the service product?127 Nonetheless, this ambiguity suggests a need for IPR awareness raising measures to highlight the automatic nature of copyright. The data provided by Table4 also suggest that services firms may patent more frequently than it is generally assumed. For instance, more than one third of the respondents from the environmental engineering sector report using patents at least some of the times However, when compared to informal methods of protection, there is a preponderant use of the latter.... ..."

"... In PAGE 59: ...in Table 1, as detailed in Table2 , being the principal formal patterns that we will investigate. Some of the insights of complexity theory are articulated within this framework and generate the following kinds of heuristic hypotheses: 3.... In PAGE 60: ...1.3 Interdependence Interdependence among the four pattern principles in Table2 occurs in pairings (see Figure 1): the grouping logic of relational solidarity is paired with an exchange logic between groups (which are not however automatically solidarity); and the analogous-positions logic in a behavioral system is paired with the formal or organizational activity allocation logic (but these two logics are not necessarily well coordinated). Pairing principles come out of balance theory as a principle of structural cohesion.... In PAGE 61: ... The predictive consequences of measures of cohesion or adhesion for substantive variables in ethnographic and sociological studies have been shown for social class ( Brudner and White 1997), leadership and group solidarity ( Johansen and White 2002), group segmentation in conflict (White and Harary 2001), and attachment to school (Moody and White 2001), for example. As shown in Table2 , while in cohesive blocking connections are grouped within sets, graph coloring is a homomorphism (generating color equivalence as a partition of nodes; edges can also be partitioned ed by similar principles) that goes in the opposite direction to observe the organization of equivalence sets when connections are limited to those between sets. Homomorphisms such as colorings are complementary to lattice structures (such as cohesive blocking hierarchies, which do not result in partitions) as principles in graph theory.... In PAGE 61: ... In the next phase of research we will generalize cohesive blocking to the study of role structure as developed by Oeser and Harary (1964, 1979), where we try to find tasks that cohere with one another, people who cohere with tasks, and coherence among formal roles (algebraic products of people by positions and positions by tasks) as opposed to emergent ones (people by people and people by tasks). Table2 shows some of the ways in which these approaches differ. No one as yet has shown how these different aspects of network modeling might be unified around an integrated sociocultural theory, mathematically well formulated, of the socially interactive basis of cognition and the coherence of human behavioral systems (see Hutchins 1996; Moore 1998; Goodenough Ch.... ..."