Abstract: This contribution summarizes the considerations that are of major importance in inorganic mineral formation before we look at specific biological minerals. Some factors which have to be taken into account (other than those that are well-known from inorganic (abiological) precipitations) are: the nature of the biological organic matrix; the restricted volume, outside or inside the cytoplasm, which can cause differences in impurity content (Mg); crystal morphology; and isotopic fractionation. Cases such as those of corals, foraminifera and coccoliths are taken as examples. Factors affecting mineralization Equilibria The formation of a mineral from a solution is under a number of different controlling factors (Crick 1986; Fraústo da Silva & Williams 1991). The simplest case we can consider is an equilibrium between a particular form of a mineral, say calcite, and the activities, not concentrations, of

Similarity plays a fundamental role in theories of knowledge and behavior. It serves as an organizing principle by which individuals classify objects, form concepts, and make generalizations. Indeed, the concept of similarity is ubiquitous in psychological theory. It underlies the accounts

-product of reward sensitivity, rather than the core feature of the trait. Extraversion has a rich history in the field of personality psy-chology. Ttie roots of this tradition extend as far back as the work Editor's Note. David Watson served as the action editor for this

Stable local feature detection and representation is a fundamental component of many image registration and object recognition algorithms. Mikolajczyk and Schmid [14] recently evaluated a variety of approaches and identified the SIFT [11] algorithm as being the most resistant to common image

feature representation and extraction, multidimensional indexing, and system design, three of the fundamental bases of content-based image retrieval. Furthermore, based on the state-of-the-art technology available now and the demand from real-world applications, open research issues are identified

fundamental and stable set of mechanisms that may be enhanced by developers in further meeting the needs of their customers. As such, this document does not attempt to standardize RBAC features beyond those that have achieved acceptance in the commercial marketplace and research community, but instead focuses

We propose a novel formalism, called Frame Logic (abbr., F-logic), that accounts in a clean and declarative fashion for most of the structural aspects of object-oriented and frame-based languages. These features include object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphic types, query methods

We consider the problem of discovering association rules between items in a large database of sales transactions. We present two new algorithms for solving this problem that are fundamentally different from the known algorithms. Empirical evaluation shows that these algorithms outperform the known

The usual formulations of quantum field theory in Minkowski spacetime make crucial use of features—such as Poincare invariance and the existence of a preferred vacuum state—that are very special to Minkowski spacetime. In order to generalize the formulation of quantum field theory to arbitrary

second for each node for a destination nonvanishingly far away. Similar results also hold under an alternate physical model where a required signal-to-interference ratio is specified for successful receptions. Fundamentally, it is the need for every node all over the domain to share whatever portion