Bilattices, due to M. Ginsberg, are a family of truth value spaces that allow elegantly for missing or conflicting information. The simplest example is Belnap's four-valued logic, based on classical two-valued logic. Among other examples are those based on finite many-valued logics

Abstract.—The influence of nonindependence among sites on phylogenetic reconstructions and bootstrap scores was inves-tigated both analytically and empirically. First, the sampling properties of the bootstrap support in the four-species case was derived for the maximum-parsimony method, assuming

of binding af®nity data from the Mnt repressor protein bound to all possible DNA (sub)targets at positions 16 and 17 of the binding site, showed that those positions are not independent. In the second study, the authors analysed DNA binding af®nity data of the wild-type mouse EGR1 protein and four variants

� Most deadly of the four Plasmodium species that cause human malaria � Malaria has a massive impact on human death � Around 300 million clinical cases occur each year resulting in between 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually, the majority in sub-saharan Africa

Titles in the Fisheries Research Report series present technical and scientific information for use in management processes. Research Reports are subject to full internal refereeing by senior scientists of the Fisheries Research Division, and in many cases, elements of the work are published

index was significantly affected by catechol, ferulic, gallic and syringic acids, compared to control. Bioassay with leachates revealed significant reduction in germination over control in all the cased, 7 days after sowing. Dry matter production was affected by E. camaldulensis and E. microtheca

as ecologically equivalent, or whether detected differences have ecologi-cal significance. In this study, we assessed the ecological equivalence of four morphologi-cally cryptic species of the amphipod genus Niphargus. All species live in a small, isolated area on the Istrian Peninsula in the NW Balkans

Abstract We measured acorn production by four species of oaks in central Minnesota over a 17-year period with the goal of understanding the proximate drivers of masting behavior. All four species exhibited significant annual variation and within-population synchrony of acorn pro-duction, although

We summarize some of the most important findings from research evaluating the hypothesized causes of specific reading disability (dyslexia) over the past four decades. After outlining compon-ents of reading ability, we discuss manifest causes of reading difficulties, in terms of deficiencies

1. Bycatch of non-target species in commercial fishing nets can have adverse impacts on their populations. Freshwater turtle populations are particularly susceptible to increases in adult mortality, and freshwater turtles are among the most threatened vertebrates. 2. As a case study, the population