programming, and the role that formal specificationscan play in making programming easier and programs better. The intended audience is practicing programmers and students in undergraduate or basicgraduate courses in software engineering or formal methods. To make the book accessible to such an audience, we

data are hold in bus variables of abstract type DATA. Whereas the data we refer to in the model are of concrete (enumerated) type, e.g. the variables for the computational mode values R1 data, R2 data, and R3 data. The specification of the used types can be found in section 2.1.2. 11 BUS PORT BUS

entities in the model are subjects and objects. Objects model resources to be controlled. Subjects are active entities that seek access, such as read or write, to objects.

A specification describes some essential aspect of the software’s behavior, such as functionality or performance, without divulging or prescribing implementation details.

Formal specifications have been a focus of software engineering research for many years and have been applied in a wide variety of settings. Their industrial use is still limited but has been steadily growing. After recalling the essence, role, usage, and pitfalls of formal specification

an abstract formal model of an idealised dMARS system (the most recent implementation of the PRS...

Formal specification techniques provide precise and analyzable software specifications. However, formal notations provided by most formal specification techniques are not easy to use and understand for most people. Our approach counters this difficulty by visualizing formal specifications

In this paper I will adopt a rather restrictive definition of “formal specifications”. I will say that a specification framework is “formal ” if it contains: • a rigorous syntax entirely defining what a specifier is allowed to write (to obtain a “speci-fication”)

There are a number of reasons why software construction is an inherently hard process to master. Specification plays a central role here; therefore, better means of specification improve productivity. One way of achieving this may be the use of formal specification languages, which have

Formal specification methods have not been embraced wholeheartedly by the software development industry. We believe that a large part of industry's reluctance is due to semantic gaps that are encountered when attempting to integrate formal specification with other stages of the software