The improved bacterial foraging algorithm was applied in this paper to schedule the bus departing interval. Optimal interval can decrease the total operation cost and passengers' mean waiting time. The principles of colony sensing, chemotactic action, and improved foraging strategy made

A prevalence survey in Kabul City showed that 2.7% and 21.9 % of persons have active leishmaniasis lesions or scars, respectively. Incidence of disease was estimated to be 2.9 % (29 cases/1,000 persons per year; 95 % confidence interval 0.018 to 0.031). Disease was associated with age and gender

encoding — such as binaural sound localisation and motion perception — the mechanisms auditory discrimination of similar intervals [6], and learning a visual discrimination of stimuli presented to the left visual hemifield transfers completely to stimuli in the right hemifield [7]. A new study, reported

Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of zoonotic alveolar echinococcosis, can be controlled effectively by the experimental delivery of anthelminthic baits for urban foxes. Monthly baiting over a 45-month period was effective for long-lasting control. Trimonthly baiting intervals were

A case-control study in the Republic of Korea evaluated the protective effectiveness of the hantavirus vaccine. Point estimates showed increasing effectiveness with increasing numbers of doses received: 25 % for one dose, 46 % for two doses, and 75 % for three doses. All 95 % confidence intervals

) which uses interval analysis (Moore, 1966) in three phases. In the first phase of MDEI, global minimum is roughly estimated with the application of interval arithmetic, which provides the upper and lower bounds of the objective function. In the second phase of MDEI, an interval branch and bound

To determine whether the incidence of canine leishmaniasis has increased on Crete, Greece, we fitted infection models to serodiagnostic records of 8,848 dog samples for 1990–2006. Models predicted that seroprevalence has increased 2.4 % (95 % confidence interval 1.61%–3.51%) per year

(interval between blood meals) shortens with increasing temperature, and the effect of a small temperature increase is greatest at the cooler ambient temperatures. Thus, a small rise in temperature from 19°C to 21°C shortens the gonotrophic cycle from 4 to 3 days and increases the vectorial capacity

Abstract A solution to the dynamic economic dispatch (DED) for 24-hour dispatch intervals (one day) with practical constraints using a Hopfield neural network (HNN) is proposed in this paper. The DED in this paper must satisfy the following constrained the system load demand, the spinning reserve

Earlier work on scheduling by autonomous systems has demonstrated that schedules in the form of simple temporal networks, with intervals of values for possible event-times, can be made "dispatchable", i.e., executable incrementally in real time with guarantees against failure due