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Finding structure in time

by Jeffrey L. Elman - COGNITIVE SCIENCE , 1990
"... Time underlies many interesting human behaviors. Thus, the question of how to represent time in connectionist models is very important. One approach is to represent time implicitly by its effects on processing rather than explicitly (as in a spatial representation). The current report develops a pro ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2071 (23 self) - Add to MetaCart
Time underlies many interesting human behaviors. Thus, the question of how to represent time in connectionist models is very important. One approach is to represent time implicitly by its effects on processing rather than explicitly (as in a spatial representation). The current report develops a

A theory of timed automata

by Rajeev Alur , 1999
"... Model checking is emerging as a practical tool for automated debugging of complex reactive systems such as embedded controllers and network protocols (see [23] for a survey). Traditional techniques for model checking do not admit an explicit modeling of time, and are thus, unsuitable for analysis of ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2651 (32 self) - Add to MetaCart
and logic, and much progress has been made in developing verification algorithms, heuristics, and tools. This paper provides a survey of the theory of timed automata, and their role in specification and verification of real-time systems.

Learning Patterns of Activity Using Real-Time Tracking

by Chris Stauffer, W. Eric L. Grimson - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE , 2000
"... Our goal is to develop a visual monitoring system that passively observes moving objects in a site and learns patterns of activity from those observations. For extended sites, the system will require multiple cameras. Thus, key elements of the system are motion tracking, camera coordination, activit ..."
Abstract - Cited by 898 (10 self) - Add to MetaCart
Our goal is to develop a visual monitoring system that passively observes moving objects in a site and learns patterns of activity from those observations. For extended sites, the system will require multiple cameras. Thus, key elements of the system are motion tracking, camera coordination

Symbolic Model Checking for Real-time Systems

by Thomas A. Henzinger, Xavier Nicollin, Joseph Sifakis, Sergio Yovine - INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION , 1992
"... We describe finite-state programs over real-numbered time in a guarded-command language with real-valued clocks or, equivalently, as finite automata with real-valued clocks. Model checking answers the question which states of a real-time program satisfy a branching-time specification (given in an ..."
Abstract - Cited by 578 (50 self) - Add to MetaCart
in an extension of CTL with clock variables). We develop an algorithm that computes this set of states symbolically as a fixpoint of a functional on state predicates, without constructing the state space. For this purpose, we introduce a -calculus on computation trees over real-numbered time. Unfortunately

Representing twentieth century space-time climate variability, part 1: development of a 1961-90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology

by Mark New, Mike Hulme, Phil Jones - Journal of Climate , 1999
"... The construction of a 0.58 lat 3 0.58 long surface climatology of global land areas, excluding Antarctica, is described. The climatology represents the period 1961–90 and comprises a suite of nine variables: precipitation, wet-day frequency, mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, vapor pressur ..."
Abstract - Cited by 581 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
The construction of a 0.58 lat 3 0.58 long surface climatology of global land areas, excluding Antarctica, is described. The climatology represents the period 1961–90 and comprises a suite of nine variables: precipitation, wet-day frequency, mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, vapor pressure, sunshine, cloud cover, ground frost frequency, and wind speed. The climate surfaces have been constructed from a new dataset of station 1961–90 climatological normals, numbering between 19 800 (precipitation) and 3615 (wind speed). The station data were interpolated as a function of latitude, longitude, and elevation using thin-plate splines. The accuracy of the interpolations are assessed using cross validation and by comparison with other climatologies. This new climatology represents an advance over earlier published global terrestrial climatologies in that it is strictly constrained to the period 1961–90, describes an extended suite of surface climate variables, explicitly incorporates elevation as a predictor variable, and contains an evaluation of regional errors associated with this and other commonly used climatologies. The climatology is already being used by researchers in the areas of ecosystem modelling, climate model evaluation, and climate change impact assessment. The data are available from the Climatic Research Unit and images of all the monthly fields can be accessed via the World Wide Web. 1.

Determining Lyapunov Exponents from a Time Series

by Alan Wolf, Jack B. Swift, Harry L. Swinney, John A. Vastano - Physica , 1985
"... We present the first algorithms that allow the estimation of non-negative Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series. Lyapunov exponents, which provide a qualitative and quantitative characterization of dynamical behavior, are related to the exponentially fast divergence or convergence of n ..."
Abstract - Cited by 495 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
We present the first algorithms that allow the estimation of non-negative Lyapunov exponents from an experimental time series. Lyapunov exponents, which provide a qualitative and quantitative characterization of dynamical behavior, are related to the exponentially fast divergence or convergence

The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the Twentieth Century

by Raghuram G. Rajan , Luigi Zingales - JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS , 2003
"... The state of development of the financial sector does not change monotonically over time. In particular, by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. To explain these changes, we propose an interest group ..."
Abstract - Cited by 548 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
The state of development of the financial sector does not change monotonically over time. In particular, by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. To explain these changes, we propose an interest group

Distributed space-time-coded protocols for exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks

by J. Nicholas Laneman, Gregory W. Wornell - IEEE TRANS. INF. THEORY , 2003
"... We develop and analyze space–time coded cooperative diversity protocols for combating multipath fading across multiple protocol layers in a wireless network. The protocols exploit spatial diversity available among a collection of distributed terminals that relay messages for one another in such a m ..."
Abstract - Cited by 622 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
We develop and analyze space–time coded cooperative diversity protocols for combating multipath fading across multiple protocol layers in a wireless network. The protocols exploit spatial diversity available among a collection of distributed terminals that relay messages for one another in such a

Real-Time Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Low-Power Embedded Operating Systems

by Padmanabhan Pillai, Kang G. Shin , 2001
"... In recent years, there has been a rapid and wide spread of nontraditional computing platforms, especially mobile and portable computing devices. As applications become increasingly sophisticated and processing power increases, the most serious limitation on these devices is the available battery lif ..."
Abstract - Cited by 501 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
importance, is largely overlooked/under-developed. To provide real-time guarantees, DVS must consider deadlines and periodicity of real-time tasks, requiring integration with the real-time scheduler. In this paper, we present a class of novel algorithms called real-time DVS (RT-DVS) that modify the OS

Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of starting small

by Jeffrey L. Elman - Cognition , 1993
"... It is a striking fact that in humans the greatest learnmg occurs precisely at that point in time- childhood- when the most dramatic maturational changes also occur. This report describes possible synergistic interactions between maturational change and the ability to learn a complex domain (language ..."
Abstract - Cited by 531 (17 self) - Add to MetaCart
It is a striking fact that in humans the greatest learnmg occurs precisely at that point in time- childhood- when the most dramatic maturational changes also occur. This report describes possible synergistic interactions between maturational change and the ability to learn a complex domain
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