To the Editor—Esper et al. present the discovery of a novel human coronavirus (HCoV) in young children and infants with respiratory tract disease in New Haven: HCoV-NH [1]. However, they also men-tion that the virus is very similar to HCoV-NL63, a virus that was identified previously in Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2]. De-spite this, the 2 studies by Esper et al. [1, 3] and an Editorial Commentary by Mc-Intosh [4] avoid usage of the name “HCoV-NL63 ” while repeatedly claiming the dis-covery of a novel virus. To judge whether HCoV-NH is really a novel HCoV, a comparative analysis of HCoV-NH with a number of different fea-tures of established HCoVs should be per-formed. Examining the relatedness of ge-nome sequences is one facet of such an analysis. Unfortunately, limited data on the genome sequence for HCoV-NH are avail-able, but inspection of a 126-bp fragment clearly shows that all HCoV-NH isolates cluster together with the HCoV-NL63 Am-sterdam-1 strain (figure 3 in [1]). This re-sult strongly suggests that the viruses found by Esper et al. are New Haven isolates of HCoV-NL63. Moreover, the actual nucle-otide difference between the New Haven isolates (GenBank accession nos. AY870943– AY871008) and the HCoV-NL63 isolate Amsterdam-1 (GenBank accession no. NC _005831) is 0%–6%. This degree of differ-ence falls well within the range of genetic variation observed among different HCoV-NL63 isolates from Amsterdam [2]. We re-ported the presence of distinct HCoV-NL63 variants that apparently are cocirculating, as has been confirmed recently by Arden et al. [5] and Bastien et al. [6]. Esper et al. do not seem to dispute that HCoV-NH is very similar to HCoV-NL63. What then made them decide to claim the identification of a novel virus? The only argument mentioned is that the research project was initiated before the first arti-cle on HCoV-NL63 was published. Is that how it works in science? No—only the first report can claim a novel scientific finding. In fact, for HCoV-NL63, Esper et al.’s is the third article that claims its dis-covery. The identification of HCoV-NL63 was first announced in an article in Nature Medicine (which was published electron-ically on 21 March 2004 [2]), and an ar-ticle by Fouchier et al. in the Proceedings

prove three theorems. First, every strategy-proof voting procedure is dictatorial. Second, this paper’s strategy-proofness condition for voting procedures corre-sponds to Arrow’s rationality, independence of irrelevant alternatives, non-negative response, and citizens ’ sovereignty conditions for social

agree that global mobiliza-tion is needed to retain the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the face of resistance, but we have some questions about this proposal. First, the 10 ‘20 initiative does not clearly distinguish between quantity and quality. Too often, the focus is on new

... structure. As Levin has addressed (Levin 1985), the decomposition of verbs is proposed for the purposes of accounting for systematic semantic-syntactic correspondences. This results in a series of problems for MT systems: inflexible verb sense definitions; difficulty in handling metaphor

from char. o to char. p provided that p> 2g q-i. Unfortunately, attempts to extend this method to all p seem to get stuck on difficult questions of wild ramification. Nowadays, the Teichmtiller theory gives a thoroughly analytic but very profound insight into this irreducibility when k----C. Our

. These models represent objects as points in some coordinate space such that the observed dissimilarities between objects correspond to the metric distances between the respective points. Practically all analyses of proximity data have been metric in nature, although some (e.g., hierarchical clustering) yield

from the start that I have no illusions about my ability to become expert in all of the disciplines touched on by this enterprise; accordingly my effort should be regarded with suspicion by all; at best, it will probably prove to be no more than a guide to some of the important questions that remain

Final Laryngeal Neutralization (FLN) in German is shown to be a prosodic process. I propose FLN occurs at the end of the phonological word, and illustrate why alternative syllabic and morphological accounts fail to capture the pattern appropriately. The crucial evidence is provided by affixes which depending on their prosodic shape may induce or fail to induce neutralization on a preceding stem-final obstruent. The analysis is compared with the proposal made by Steriade (1997), where prosody is argued to be irrelevant in patterns of FLN and FLN is analyzed as a phenomenon that is driven by markedness constraints ranked according to relative perceptibility of a contrast in different segmental environ-ments. 1.

WHAT happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? Only recently has there been, any experimental work related to this question. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions

, such as presenting computer-generated animations synchronized with computer-generated narration or presenting illustrations next to corresponding text. In a review of eight studies concerning whether multimedia instruction is effective, there wz~s consistent evidence for a multimedia effect: Students who received