all possible depolarizing effects that could operate between the polarized sources and the interaction regions have to be under full control. The ‘heLiCal ’ collaboration aims to provide a full ‘cradle-to-grave ’ analysis of all depolarizing effects at the ILC. This report gives a brief summary

The International Linear Collider (ILC) positron source uses a helical undulator to generate polarised photons of ~10 MeV at the first harmonic. Unlike many undulators used in synchrotron radiation sources, the ILC helical undulator vacuum chamber will be bombarded by photons, generated by undulator, with energies mostly below the 1st harmonic. Achieving the vacuum specification, of ~100 nTorr, in a narrow chamber, of 4 to 6 mm, with a large length, of 100 – 200 m, makes the design of the vacuum system challenging. This paper describes the vacuum specifications, calculations of the flux and energy of photons irradiating the undulator vacuum chamber and considers possible vacuum system design solutions for two cases: cryogenic and room temperature.

The effect of a leading particle on a trailing particle due to resistive and geometric wakefields in collimators can be described by expanding in a series of angular mode potentials Wm(s). Several formulae for these are given in the literature. We compare these formulae with numerical predictions from codes that solve the EM field equations. We also show how the EM code results can be used to numerically obtain angular mode potentials suitable for use in tracking codes.

Cl has been advocated. From a prospectively maintained institutional database, patients with MIBC who received cystectomy were identified and clinicopathologic information was ascertained. CrCl prior to surgery was computed using three equations: (1) Cockcroft-Gault (CG), (2) CKD-EPI, and (3) MDRD

of the accuracy of the data contained within them. They base their subsequent analysis using the datasets on the assumption that the data is error free or that errors are kept to an 'acceptable ' level. In order to ensure the results of analysis it is imperative that a facility for reporting data

The geometric wakefields of the tapers in the ILC positron undulator line have been calculated using analytic formula and the 2-D code ECHO. The emittance increase due to the wakefields have been calculated for different alignment tolerances of each element. In the worst case scenario considered, where the elements have an alignment tolerance of ±300 µm and there are 60 undulator modules and 40 photon collimators, the vertical emittance increase is less than 3%. 1 Work supported by the Commission of the European Communities under the 6th Framework Programme ”Structuring the European Research

as the mirror image of literacy, but involving quantitative thinking. Another early definition proposed by the Cockcroft Report (Cockcroft, 1982) described ñ being numerateî as possessing an at-homeness with numbers and an ability to use mathematical skills to cope confidently with the practical demands

classroom practice. The term ‘numeracy ’ was first coined in 1959 in the Crowther Report (Department of Education and the Arts, 1995) and later in 1982, where the Cockcroft Report (Cockcroft, 1982) referred to it as implying an ‘at-homeness ’ with numbers, and an ability to make use of mathematical skills

in children (e.g. the Cockcroft report, 1982). Ages 9 to 11 seems to be a critical stage for the development of attitudes and

will cascade beyond this generation of students. In the United Kingdom there are several reasons for this diminution of basic skills. Cockcroft in 1982 published a report which, since that time, has influenced school education, and by extension, higher education. He suggested that all lessons in mathematics