We have considered two representations of a longitudinal section of the shoot apex: a regular grid and a cellular template based on a real meristem section. Depending on the case, cells are represented as square or arbitrary polygons, which share with the neighboring cells the edges that represent

that the well-known forward-backward (F-B) and Viterbi algorithms for HMMs are special cases of more general inference algorithms for arbitrary PINs. Furthermore, the existence of inference and estimation algorithms for more general graphical models provides a set of analysis tools for HMM practitioners who

occurs at sufficiently low temperatures. If the excursion length distribution has polynomial tails and the interaction does not have a finite exponential moment, then pinning occurs for all u∈R at arbitrary temperature. Our results apply to other mathematically similar situations as well, such as a

We present an approach to modeling with truly mutable yet completely controllable free-form surfaces of arbitrary topology. Surfaces may be pinned down at points and along curves, cut up and smoothly welded back together, and faired and reshaped in the large. This style of control is formulated

Abstract. We consider a polymer with configuration modeled by the path of a Markov chain, interacting with a potential u+Vn which the chain encounters when it visits a special state 0 at time n. The disorder (Vn) is a fixed realization of an i.i.d. sequence. The polymer is pinned, i.e. the chain

potentials are due to impurities and defects. Without the external potentials, the equations are translationally (as well as gauge) invariant, and they have gauge equivalent families of vortex (equivariant) solutions called magnetic or Abrikosov vortices, centered at arbitrary points of R². For smooth

). The I-V characteristics were obtained by using a short current pulse measurement technique in order to avoid heating phenomena. We have used a theoretical model to describe the I-V characteristics, based on a statistical treatment of the motion of vortices in an arbitrary pinning potential. Besides

). The I-V characteristics were obtained by using a short current pulse measurement technique in order to avoid heating phenomena. We have used a theoretical model to describe the I-V characteristics, based on a statistical treatment of the motion of vortices in an arbitrary pinning potential. Besides

Abstract. This paper proposes a chosen-ciphertext secure variant of the ElGamal public-key encryption scheme which generates very compact ciphertexts for messages of arbitrary length. The ciphertext overhead (i.e., the difference between ciphertext and plaintext) is one group element only. Such a

, and derive lower bounds on Helly numbers for sets of line transversals to disjoint balls in arbitrary dimension.