Human institutions—ways of organizing activities—affect the resilience of the environ-ment. Locally evolved institutional arrangements governed by stable communities and buffered from outside forces have sustained resources successfully for centuries, al-though they often fail when rapid change

Large-scale networks of wireless sensors are becoming an active topic of research. Advances in hardware technology and engineering design have led to dramatic reductions in size, power consumption and cost for digital circuitry, wire-less communications and Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS

allowing occasional bursts of packets in the queue. During congestion, the probability that the gateway notifies a particular connection to reduce its window is roughly proportional to that connection's share of the bandwidth through the gateway. RED gateways are designed to accompany a transport-layer

Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation

, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. These findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts.

to design digital systems that support coherent behavior by making participants and their activities visible to one another. We call such systems "socially translucent systems" and suggest that they have three characteristics-visibility, awareness, and accountability-which enable people to draw

ABSTRACT: Ground temperature variations have been analysed to the depth of 160 cm, with respect to meteorological elements and short−wave radiation balance. The database of the ground temperature covers a thirteen month−long period (May 1992 – June 1993), which in− cluded both the seasons of complete freezing of the ground and thaw. Special attention has been given to the development of perennial permafrost and its spatial distribution. In summer, the depth of thawing ground varied in different types of ground — at the Polish Polar Station, this was ca. 130 cm. The ground froze completely in the first week of October. Its thawing started in June. The snow cover restrained heat penetration in the ground, which hindered the ground thawing process. Cross−correlation shows a significant influence of the radiation bal− ance (K*) on the values of near−surface ground temperatures (r2 = 0.62 for summer).

We describe an active application in the field of multicast congestion control for real-time traffic. Our Active Layered Multicast Adaptation Protocol is a layered multicast congestion control scheme built on top of an Active Network infrastructure. It benefits from router support in order

Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) close to-2 ºC. Three Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) sites were installed to record the thermal regime and the behaviour of the active layer in different places with similar climate, but with different soil composition, porosity, and water content. The study’s

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