In this paper, CMOS downsizing trend into sub-70 nm node and further below is described. Downscaling of advanced CMOS devices have been significantly accelerated every time by the update of the ITRS roadmap. Now, on one hand, we can expect the realization of even sub-10 nm CMOS devices

Background: Communicable disease outbreaks cause millions of deaths throughout Sub-Saharan Africa each)'ear. Most of the diseases causing epidemics in the region have been nearly eradicated or brought under control in other parts of the world. In recent years, considerable effort has been directed toward public health initiatives and strategies with a potential for significant impact in the fight against infectious diseases. In 1998, the World Health Organization African Regional Office (WHO/AFRO) launched the Integrated Disease Snrveillanc_e and Response (IDSR) strateg~ · aimed at mitigating the.impact of communicable diseases, including epidemic-prone diseases, through improving surveillance, laboratory confirmation and appropriate and timely public health interventions. Over the past decade, WHO and its partners have been providing technical and financial resources to African countries to strengthen epidemic preparedness and response (EPR) activities. Methods: This review examined the major epidemics reported to WHO/AFRO from 2003 to 2007. we conduct a review of documents and reports obtained from ~HO/AFRO, WHO inter;:ountry team, and partners · and held meeting and discussions with key stakeholders to elicit the experiences of local, regional and international efforts against these epidemics to evaluate the lessons learned and to stimulate discussion on the future course for enhancing EPR. Results: The most commonly reported epidemic outbreaks in Africa include: cholera, dysentery, malaria and hemorrhagic fevers (e.g. Ebola, Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo fever and yellow fever). The cyclic meningococcal meningitis outbreak that affects

Most developed countries in the world now have television ownership levels approaching or exceeding 2 per household and this appears to be increasing. Even developing countries like China have an ownership of 1.33 televisions per household in urban areas. It is estimated that 1 billion televisions were installed world wide by 1996 and with annual production running at more than 200 million units a year, the world stock is already likely to more than 2 billion. CRT televisions form the bulk of the existing stock of televisions, but it is estimated that new technologies such as LCD and plasma will become the majority of new sales by 2010. Increasing screen sizes and high on-mode energy consumption of new technology televisions and their peripherals is likely to result in a marked increase in the energy consumption televisions. Analysis has shown that there is a factor of 2 or 3 (or more) between the lowest and highest energy models of the same technology and size (based on analysis of hundreds of models). This suggests a strong case for providing information to consumers on these differences (e.g. some form of energy labeling) and/or mandating efficiency standards (MEPS). While standby is generally improving, the increase in on-mode energy consumption will mostly likely swamp any benefits.

Scholarly communication is in turmoil. It is not clear how scholarly publishers will cope with change or if journals will even survive. That’s why it is important to provide some insight into scholarly publishing now and in the future. The key issues confronting scholarly publishing include open access (OA), peer review, institutional repositories, multiple versions of articles, increasing author awareness of copyright issues, archiving and preserving, and faster communication tools such as blogs, Web sites, RSS feeds, and podcasts. The newer communication tools speed up communication and bypass journals. In this environment, scholars may communicate in new ways and journals may have a different role from the past, but documents of record are still essential to the business. Keywords:

Abstract: This paper presents a simple R&D-driven endogenous growth model to shed light on some puzzling economic trends. The model can account for why patent statistics have been roughly constant even though R&D employment has risen sharply over the last 30 years. The model also

Abstract—Analog-to-digital converters (ADC’s) are ubiquitous, critical components of software radio and other signal processing systems. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art of ADC’s, including experimental converters and commercially available parts. The distribution of resolution versus

Trends on E-Business Models”

Abstract Concurrency bugs are among the most difficult to test and diagnoseof all software bugs. The multicore technology trend worsens this

A common trend in the chemical evolution of

Abstract. Long-term measurements by the AERONET program of spectral aerosol optical depth, precipitable water, and derived Angstrom exponent were analyzed and compiled into an aerosol optical properties climatology. Quality assured monthly means are presented and described for 9 primary sites