P pilus biogenesis occurs via the highly conserved chaperone-usher pathway, and assembly is monitored by the CpxRA two-component signal transduction pathway. Structural pilus subunits consist of an N-terminal extension followed by an incomplete immunoglobulin-like fold that is missing a C

Motivation: Pathway Hunter Tool (PHT), is a fast, robust and userfriendly tool to analyse the shortest paths in metabolic pathways. The user can perform shortest path analysis for one or more organisms or can build virtual organisms (networks) using enzymes. Using PHT, the user can also calculate

Meiotic intersister recombination closely resembles interhomolog recombination. SCE requires functions necessary for DSB formation (Game et al., 1989; Sun etSummary al., 1991). Physical analysis has detected intersister JMs (ISJMs) that appear at appropriate lower abundanceMeiotic recombination

-tions, they were unable to maintain the hyphal growth mode in a synthetic hypha-inducing liquid medium and were deficient in the expression of hypha-specific genes in this medium. Our results suggest that CaCln1 may coordinately regulate hyphal development with signal transduction pathways in response to various

activation, surface adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte infiltration as well as Akt activation and vascular cell proliferation. Conclusions—PECAM-1 plays a crucial role in the activation of the NFB and Akt pathways and inflammatory cell accumulation during vascular remodeling and IMT. Elucidation

indicate that RNP formation is important but not sufficient for L1 retrotransposition and suggest that ORF1p also may function at downstream steps in the L1 retrotransposition pathway.

, the retinoblastoma protein (RB) and the p53 transcription factor. Here, we discuss interconnecting signaling pathways controlled by RB and p53, attempting to explain their potentially universal involvement in the etiology of cancer. Pinpointing the various ways by which the functions of RB and p53 are subverted

Orexins (also called hypocretins) have been shown to be importantly involved in reward and addiction, but little is known about the circuitry that regulates orexin neuronal activity during drug-seeking behaviors. Here, we examined inputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin cell field from the lateral septum (LS) using tract-tracing and Fos immunohistochemistry after cocaine (10 mg/kg) conditioned place preference (CPP) in Sprague Dawley rats. We found that neurons in rostral LS (LSr) that project to LH are Fos-activated in proportion to cocaine CPP, and that inhibition of LSr neurons with local baclofen and muscimol microinjection (0.3/0.03 nmol) blocks expression of Fos in LH orexin cells and cocaine preference. In addition, using local inactivation in LS and orexin antisense morpholinos in LH, we found that LSr influences on LH orexin neurons are critical for the expression of cocaine preference. These results indicate that LSr activates LH orexin neurons during cocaine place preference, and that this circuit is essential for expression of cocaine place preference.

of proliferation. In this study, we used proliferation inhibitors to block cell division during early gonad development, at stages before the XY gonad has committed to the testis pathway. Using the expression of sex-specific genes and the formation of testis morphology as markers of testis determination, we found

Chick pineal cells in culture display a circadian rhythm of melatonin release. Light pulses can entrain (phase shift) the rhythm. One candidate for the photoentrainment pathway uses a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), also known as extracellular signal– regulated kinase (ERK). We tested