When estimating integrated volatilities based on high-frequency data, simplifying assumptions are usually imposed on the relationship between the observation times and the price process. In this paper, we establish a central limit theorem for the Realized Volatility in a general endogenous time

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) is considered an autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts and its characteristic serologic marker, the anti-mitochondrial antibody (AMA). Several factors were proposed to clarify the pathological and immunological mechanisms of PBC. Immunological reaction with a bacterial or a viral association was identified in the previous report, and it seems probable that PBC was thought to have such an etiology. The majority of patients with PBC was reported to have both RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry evidence of human betaretrovirus infection in lymph nodes or in 2008, the patient who developed PBC with high HIV viral load had an antiviral therapy and recovered. To understand the etiology of PBC associated with infection, several factors should be considered and especially animal models may be useful. In this paper, we introduce three typical animal models of PBC: the dominant-negative form of transforming growth factor-β receptor type II (dnTGFβRII) mouse, IL-2Rα −/− mouse and NOD.c3c4 mouse, are enumerated and described, and we discuss previous reports of viral infection associated with PBC and consider the etiology of PBC from our analysis of results in NOD.c3c4 mouse.

Exposure of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the initial and ratelimiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, to dopamine under mild oxidizing conditions (iron � H 2O 2) or in the presence of tyrosinase results in a concentration-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. Dopamine, iron, H 2O 2, or tyrosinase alone does not alter TPH activity. Similarly, N-acetyldopamine oxidized with one equivalent of sodium periodate causes a concentration-dependent inactivation of TPH as well. TPH is protected from dopamine-induced inactivation by reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, and dithiothreitol but not by the radical scavengers DMSO, mannitol, or superoxide dismutase. Parallel studies with [ 3 H]dopamine reveal a high negative correlation between inhibition of catalysis and incorporation of tritium into the enzyme. Those reducing agents and antioxidants that protect TPH from inactivation are

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properties of a bufodienolide Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, marinobufagenin, were studied in isolated rings of 2 to 3 order branches of human pulmonary arteries respectively. Marinobufagenin displayed concentration-dependent vasoconstrictor activity (0.01 to 10 mmol/L). In sarcolemma membranes prepared from pulmonary artery marinobufagenin inhibited Na/K-ATPase (IC,, = 50 nmol/L). In eight healthy male Caucasians, concentrations of marinobufagenin-like immunoreactive material in C-18 extracted plasma were 1.38-f 0.60 nmol/L. Twenty-four-hour urinary release of marinobufagenin-like immunoreactive material in eight healthy males was 1.20 + 0.95 nmol/day. Chloroform extract of

A simple regression of earned income on years of education in order to measure the education-income effect neglects important issues. Although higher education levels are expected to increase an individual’s earnings, the incomeeducation relationship can be subject to omitted variables such as individuals’

errors are mine. Endogenous Lifetime and Economic Growth Conventional wisdom attributes the severity of mortality in poorer countries to widespread poverty and inadequate living conditions. This paper considers the possibility that persistent poverty may arise, in turn, from a high incidence

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for the possible endogeneity of having a rating, firms with access have 35 % more debt. Under the tradeoff theory of capital structure, firms determine their preferred leverage ratio by calculating the tax advantages, costs of financial distress, mispricing, and incentive effects of debt versus equity

-genesis of the P. incisa acetohydroxyacid synthase (PiAHAS) gene for use as an herbicide resistance selection marker for transformation. Use of an endogenous gene circumvents the risks and regulatory difficulties of cultivating antibiotic-resistant organisms. AHAS is present in plants and micro-organisms where