"... In PAGE 5: ...iv List of Tables Table1 .... In PAGE 29: ... A key objective of this project was to establish the methods of protection that smaller companies were adopting to protect their products and creations. Table1 below summarizes the methods of IP protection identified. The answers were in response to the two questions: What methods do you use to protect your intellectual property? and Are you aware that copyright is automatic and protects software and... In PAGE 31: ...MEs. (See below for more on this.) Technical systems refer to the use of encryption, dongles, steganographic techniques, key diskettes, firewalls and passwords.78 As was noted in Table1 , more than half of the respondents use these systems. Several respondents, however, despite their use, acknowledged that such systems are generally too user unfriendly, and too complicated, 79 and curiously, were adopted as an act of faith.... In PAGE 71: ... Further analysis of the data obtained from the survey, revealed that 83 per cent of the SMEs either had never attempted to acquire a patent for their software-related inventions, or seldom did so. The results presented below in Table1 0, reveal three of primary reasons underpinning this course of action. They are: 1.... In PAGE 76: ... Again, as with the SMEs, the PROs appeared to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages that copyright protection offer. The data provided below in Table1 2, show that the representatives from the PROs believed copyright law to be less complicated than patent law, and were of the opinion that copyright offered a sufficient level of IP protection. Significantly, the latter two were regarded as being the most advantageous aspects of copyright protection.... In PAGE 81: ... This arguably, could be seen as raising some doubt about the extent to which we are in a pro-patent era. In terms of keeping SMEs and other organizations abreast of new developments in European patent policy, the findings of our survey suggest that a greater effort needs to be extended in this direction (see Table1 5). Only one-quarter of the participant SMEs surveyed support the view that the European Commission has been successful in keeping SMEs aware of IPR-related developments.... In PAGE 84: ... When taken together, the findings presented above, in Table 14 and Table 15, serve to strengthen our belief that there is a need to increase awareness levels among SMEs and PROs about the issue of software patenting. Specifically, the relatively high numbers of no opinion responses to Statements 1 and 4 in Table1 4, suggests that much more could be done by the European Commission to improve upon effective measures for informing SMEs and PROs of new developments in European patent policy developments, as well as other IPR-related developments. This, combined with the high rate of disagree and no opinion responses to all the statements listed in Table 15, provides a clear signal that more widely publicized efforts on awareness raising could be undertaken.... In PAGE 84: ... Specifically, the relatively high numbers of no opinion responses to Statements 1 and 4 in Table 14, suggests that much more could be done by the European Commission to improve upon effective measures for informing SMEs and PROs of new developments in European patent policy developments, as well as other IPR-related developments. This, combined with the high rate of disagree and no opinion responses to all the statements listed in Table1 5, provides a clear signal that more widely publicized efforts on awareness raising could be undertaken. Summary The analysis of the data obtained from our survey and follow-up interviews suggests that there is a real need to enhance awareness, among SMEs and PROs, of the issues associated with the patenting of computer software.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ... This could include the spatial extent of biotopes, guilds present, trophic structure, microbial, plant and consumer production, mass balance modelling, nutrient cycling, physical and chemical properties of the system, and rates of energy flow. Why is biodiversity important? Biodiversity is important and needs conservation for economic, ecological, moral, social and legal reasons ( Table2 ) (e.... ..."

"... In PAGE 9: ...erman civil law tradition. The Scandinavian countries form their own legal tradition. The socialist countries had a legal tradition based on Soviet law, but because the laws of these countries are changing rapidly during transition out of socialism, LLSV do not consider them. Table1 presents the percentage of countries in each legal family scoring well on a number of indicators of investor rights, as well as the mean for that family antidirector and creditor rights scores. How well legal rules protect outside investors varies systematically across legal origins.... ..."

"... In PAGE 21: ... La Porta et al (1998) also compare the quality of accounting standards and find that in general common law countries have the best accounting standards, followed by German civil law countries, and then French civil law countries. Table3 presents indices for the following qualitative factors for our sample of developing countries as well as the US: Indices of corruption, of red tape, of the efficiency of the legal system, of the efficiency of the governance structure, perceived corruption rankings from the perspective of multinational institutions, shareholder rights, creditor rights, and classification of the legal systems. These subjective measures provide useful information and some of them have been shown to be significant determinants of long-term economic growth for a large set of countries (see Mauro (1995)).... In PAGE 21: ... These subjective measures provide useful information and some of them have been shown to be significant determinants of long-term economic growth for a large set of countries (see Mauro (1995)). Part of the data in Table3 are from La Porta et al (1998) who have developed indices of the quality of legal protection for shareholders and creditors in a large sample of countries. They find that investor rights tend to be stronger in common law countries... In PAGE 22: ...(see column 9 of Table3 ). They also find that better investor protection in common law countries is not offset, but rather reinforced by stronger law enforcement and that companies in countries with weak investor rights tend to have high ownership concentration.... In PAGE 22: ... They also find that better investor protection in common law countries is not offset, but rather reinforced by stronger law enforcement and that companies in countries with weak investor rights tend to have high ownership concentration. The index of shareholder rights, column 6 in Table3 , is constructed by LaPorta et al by adding a value of one whenever any of the following five characteristics holds: 1. The country allows shareholders to mail their proxy vote.... In PAGE 22: ... An additional indicator of shareholder rights relates to whether there is a rule of one share - one vote. This variable is shown in column 7 of Table3 and assumes a value of one if it is required that ordinary shares take on one vote per share and zero otherwise. As can be seen from the table, in terms of these two indices, shareholder rights were strongest in Korea, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, and Thailand, and less strong in India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Jordan.... In PAGE 22: ... As can be seen from the table, in terms of these two indices, shareholder rights were strongest in Korea, Malaysia, Zimbabwe, and Thailand, and less strong in India, Turkey, Pakistan, and Jordan. La Porta et al also construct an index (shown in column 8 of Table3 ) measuring creditor rights in various countries by adding the number one whenever any of the following four characteristics holds: 1. The country imposes restrictions such as creditors consent or minimum dividends on... In PAGE 23: ... According to this measure, Turkey and Korea ranked high while the rest had average creditor rights. Table3 also presents subjective rankings provided in Bardhan (1997), of the extent of corruption of red tape, and of the inefficiency of the legal system. These measures are assigned values between 0 and 10, where 0 indicates the highest levels and 10 the lowest.... In PAGE 23: ... A value of 0 for this average indicates the lowest governance structure. As can be seen from Table3 , Thailand had the highest corruption level, while Jordan and Zimbabwe had the lowest. The overall measure of the quality of governance of the economy (taken by averaging the measures of corruption, red tape, and inefficiency of the legal system) was the highest for Zimbabwe and Jordan and lowest for Thailand.... In PAGE 23: ... Pakistan was below average, India and Turkey were average, and Malaysia and Korea were above average. Column 5 in Table3 presents qualitative data on perceived corruption rankings for our countries from the perspective of multinational firms and institutions. The scale ranges from 10 for no corruption to 0 for maximum corruption.... ..."

"... In PAGE 15: ... 5 Further, legally protected products or processes, to the extent that they are commercially viable at all6, generally are in competition with a variety of substitutes. For example, in one survey of licensors, the licensor faced no alternative supplier in only 27 per cent of the cases studied (see Table2 below). Table 2.... ..."

"... In PAGE 7: ... null Trust null Rating, Guaranteeing Institutional Infrastructure null Legal null Regulatory null Monitoring, Protecting null Monitoring, Protecting Table2 . The role of intermediaries in traditional market functions.... ..."

"... In PAGE 31: .... Consequences of formalism. In the next several tables, we turn to the consequences of formalism for the quality of the legal system. Table6 presents the raw information, by country, on the estimated duration of dispute resolution. As in Table 2, countries are arranged by legal origin.... In PAGE 31: ... As in Table 2, countries are arranged by legal origin. A striking aspect of Table6 is the extraordinary length of time it takes, on average, to pursue either claim in court. The worldwide average time for accomplishing an eviction is 254 (median of 202) calendar days, and for collecting 7 We also consider the hypothesis that the influence of Catholicism, with its protection of creditors, shapes judicial formalism.... In PAGE 32: ... 1997), German legal origin countries are comparatively more efficient at check collection than at eviction. But the bottom line of Table6 is the higher expected duration in civil law countries. In the words of an Indonesian legal scholar, in connection with the nature of judicial process itself and considering the formal, punctual, and rather complicated manners and usages upheld by courts according to the Law of Procedure (especially for the laymen), it could be said that correct judgment can not be performed in a short time (Gandasurbrata 1980, p.... ..."