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Abstract: A binary model of the immune system is used to study the effects of evolution on the genetic encoding for antibody molecules. We report experiments which show that the evolution of immune system genes, simulated by the genetic algorithm, can induce a high degree of genetic organization even though that organization is not explicitly required by the fitness function. This secondary organization is related to the true fitness of an individual, in contrast to the sampled fitness which is the... (Update)
Context of citations to this paper: More
.... population [99] and (3) its ability to learn effectively, even when not all antibodies are expressed and not all antigens are presented [51]. This last experiment is particularly relevant to the more general question of how selection pressures operating only at the global,...
.... In previous work we used a binary model of the immune system to study the effects of evolution on the genetic representation of antibodies [4]. Here we have extended this model to include clonal selection, which is the learning process used by the immune system. Once this...
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BibTeX entry: (Update)
R. Hightower, S. Forrest, and A. S. Perelson. The evolution of secondary organization in immune system gene libraries. In Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Artificial Life, (in press). http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/hightower93evolution.html More
@misc{ hightower-evolution,
author = "R. Hightower and S. Forrest and A. Perelson",
title = "The evolution of secondary organization in immune system gene libraries",
text = "R. Hightower, S. Forrest, and A. S. Perelson. The evolution of secondary
organization in immune system gene libraries. In Proceedings of the Second
European Conference on Artificial Life, (in press).",
url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/hightower93evolution.html" }
Citations (may not include all citations):2138 Genetic Algorithms in Search (context) - Goldberg - 1989
1931 Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems (context) - Holland - 1975
29 GENESIS: A System for Using Genetic Search Procedures (context) - Grefenstette - 1984
26 and machine learning (context) - Farmer, Packard et al. - 1986
24 Theoretical studies of clonal selection: Minimal antibody re.. (context) - Perelson, Oster - 1979
17 Scientific American Books (context) - Darnell, Lodish et al. - 1986
8 The dynamic nature of the antibody repertoire (context) - Berek, Milstein - 1988
3 The Genetics of Antibody Diversity (context) - Leder - 1991
2 The Evolution of Cooperation in Immune System Gene Libraries (context) - Hightower, Forrest et al. - 1992
1 Evolution of Multi-Gene Families in a Binary Immune System (context) - Hightower, Forrest et al. - 1993
The graph only includes citing articles where the year of publication is known.
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