Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Hurford, J. R., StuddertKennedy, M., & Knight, C.(Eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language - Social and Cognitive Bases (pp. 405-426). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....regularly tackled issues such as: communication, learning, and biological adaptation. However, the case for ALife as an approach has become stronger in recent years as a number of authors have suggested that the evolved learner approach understates the complexity of language in a fundamental way [7, 29]. In the Chomskyan framework, the key to answering the why question is the idealisation that LLAD LPH . However, this can only be true under conditions where the data to the learner are drawn from a single stationary target language, and all languages in LLAD are equally learnable. The extensive ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight, (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 405-426.

.... bottleneck leads to a pressure for compositional language, dependent on the model of a language learner There is indirect evidence that this result is to some extent independent of the model of a language learner a wide range of learning models all produce this fundamental result [1, 2, 7, 9]. However, do these models share a common element Is there some learner bias common across all these models which is required for compositional language to evolve culturally In order to investigate this question, further experiments were carried out, in which the parameter of interest is the ....

.... evolution of linguistic structure, as a consequence of a learner preference for extracting meaningful, recurring chunks from the utterances they observe, coupled with production and learning constraints (as in [7] a system of costings (as in [2] or a choice of connectionist architecture (as in [1, 9] see [17] for explanation) This suggests that the two components of bias (a bias in favour of one to one mappings between meanings and signals, and a bias in favour of exploiting regularities in the meaning signal mapping) are a prerequisite for the cultural evolution of compositional ....

J. Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language: social and cognitive bases, pages 405--426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.

....becomes tuned to be better adapted to the language in the environment of the agents. This way the ontologies of the different agents become similar even though there is no telepathy and it is not innately given. 5 Experiments in the origins of grammar Several researchers, most notably Batali [2], Kirby [7] and Steels [16] 17] have been conducting experiments to explain how languages with the grammatical complexity of human natural languages may emerge. This requires a scale up along all dimensions (form, meaning, and form meaning association) and it is therefore not surprising that many ....

....how languages with the grammatical complexity of human natural languages may emerge. This requires a scale up along all dimensions (form, meaning, and form meaning association) and it is therefore not surprising that many open questions remain. I briefly discuss experiments conducted by Batali [2] as a representative example. The experiment once again starts by setting up a population of agents. They have a cognitive architecture which consists of a repertoire of meaning structures and a grammar able to relate (structured) meanings with expressions that have a syntactic structure. The ....

Batali, J.: Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. In: Hurford, J. et.al. (1998).

....skipping the much more complex and controversial issues in syntax. Nevertheless, we hope to show that language games offer an appealing framework to study other aspects of language as well. Language games that do incorporate grammar are being studied and are starting to yield interesting results (Batali, 1998; Steels, 1998; Batali, 2000; Kirby, 2000) The models we discuss are necessarily and deliberately simple. We do not intend to provide a scenario for language evolution or to simulate a historical development. Rather, we aim at calling attention to the enormous potential for spontaneous pattern ....

....consider have the following components: i) a linguistic representation, ii) an interaction protocol, and (iii) a learning algorithm. Linguistic Representation With representation we mean here a formalism to represent the linguistic abilities of agents, ranging from recurrent neural networks (Batali, 1998) or rewriting grammars (Kirby, 2000) to a simple associative memory (Hurford, 1989; Steels, 1996; Oliphant Batali, 1996; De Boer, 1999; Kaplan, 2000) In the model described in this paper, we will use a simple list of associations between linguistics forms (words) and their meanings. Each ....

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BATALI, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In: Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases ( Hurford, J. & StuddertKennedy, M., eds.). Cambridge University Press.

....a shared lexicon (De Jong, 1998) a shared vowel system (De Boer Vogt, 1999) and some primitive grammatical rules (Steels, 1997a) Kirby (1999a) shows in his model, that agents with an innate ability to learn context free grammars, can develop a compositional language through cultural evolution. Batali (1997) shows similar results with a population of agents that learn to produce and interpret strings using recurrent neural networks. Kirby (1999b) also shows that, with the proper semantic space, cultural evolution can account for the emergence of recursive grammars. Fewer studies exist that model ....

BATALI, J. (1997). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In: Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases ( Hurford, J. & Studdert-Kennedy, M., eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....mainly because the grammatical system and evolutionary processes underlying these systems are designed to t a particular task, such as information retrieval (Losee, 1995) Computational simulations of the origins of syntax however, can provide a more relevant account of grammar evolution. Batali (1998) implements a simple agent based architecture, in which a population of agents communicate meaning to each other. Through an examplebased learning process agents are able to detect systematic regularities in their communication, and are able to create novel string meaning pairs. Even without a ....

....the goal of investigating the behavior of grammars for natural language in an evolutionary context. In its full form, grael contains a population of agents in a virtual environment. Agents are capable of expressing beliefs about this environment in di erent ways. Comparable to the systems of Batali (1998) and Kirby (1999b) the agents are forced into a converging grammatical system, which will consequently evolve over further generations and adapt to the changing population and environment, avoiding nite convergence. The current experiments bootstrap the grael environment by using annotated ....

Batali, John. 1998. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. in approaches to the evo- lution of language: Social and cognitive bases. In M. Studdert-Kennedy J.R. Hurford and C. Knight (eds), editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pages 405-426.

....The main contribution so far is that they have shown the plausibility of 1 Present address: Sony CSL, 6, Rue Amyot, 75005, Paris, France; webpage: www binf.bio.uu. nl jelle cultural evolution as a mechanism in the development of more complex languages (De Jong, 1998; De Boer Vogt, 1999; Batali, 1997; Kirby, 2000) Fewer studies exist that model genetic transmission of language capabilities. Following Hashimoto Ikegami (1996) the model reported in this paper studies the dynamics of genetic transmission of language. Our model takes an extreme position, as it ignores learning mechanisms and ....

BATALI, J. (1997). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In: Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases ( Hurford & StuddertKennedy, eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press.

....to be arbitrarily related to meaning. Ultimately, these types of explanation typically derive features of the meaning string mapping from communicative pressures that in uenced our proto human ancestors [4] This paper follows on from recent computational work that takes a di erent approach [5], 6] 7] 8] 9] 10] 11] 12] 13] Instead of concetrating on the biological evolution of an innate language faculty, this line of research places more explanatory emphasis on languages themselves as adaptive systems. Human languages are arguably unique not only for their ....

J. Batali, \Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar, " in Approaches to the Evolution of Language, J. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight, Eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.

....account di ers fundamentally from a naive some parts of language are innate, some are learned view. Computational modeling Recent work that studied such interactions in computational models has produced a wealth of new hypotheses and insights (Hurford, 1989; Hashimoto Ikegami, 1996; Batali, 1997; Steels, 1997; De Boer, 1999; Kirby, 2000; Nowak Krakauer, 1999; Hurford, 2000) Such models are relatively precise implementations of the underlying set of assumptions, and allow one to evaluate the internal coherence of such a set. Moreover, they are productive, in the sense that they often ....

....and interactions. On the issue of the origins of syntax, a number of intriguing mechanisms have been identi ed using computational modeling techniques. Although very diverse, they all emphasize the fact that syntax greatly increases the number of possible forms in a language. For instance, Batali (1997), Kirby (2000) and Hurford (2000) studied how cultural evolution can account for the emergence of syntax. Although they use several di erent formalisms, the common idea in this work is that the internal knowledge of language (the in nite I language ) is transmitted culturally (via a nite ....

Batali, J. (1997). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In: Approaches to the evolution of language (Hurford, J. et al., eds.). Cambridge University Press.

.... Cognitive Science 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 0515 apopescu, batali cogsci.ucsd.edu Introduction Experiments with societies of communicating agents have shown that various communication conventions can emerge in order to express the structure of situations in an environment (e.g. Batali 1998, Steels 1997) However, it is often unclear how much implicit knowledge is initially given to the agents, or may come from the way meaning itself is encoded. In this study, we analyze two experimental models from the point of view of built in knowledge and emergent capacities. The first one ....

Batali J. (1998) -- "Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar", in Hurford J.R., StuddertKennedy M. & Knight C. (eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language, Cambridge, p.405-426.

.... de Bourcier and Wheeler (1997) Di Paolo (1997) Werner and Todd (1997) Noble (1998) A growing body of computational modelling work suggests that iterated learning alone is capable of developing optimal, learned communication systems (e.g. Hutchins and Hazelhurst (1995) Steels and Vogt (1997) Batali (1998), Batali (in press) Livingstone and Fyfe (1999) Hurford (in press) Kirby (in pressb) Kirby (in pressa) Oliphant (in press) A smaller body of work suggests that natural selection interacts in a positive manner with cultural transmission of communication systems to produce communication ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

....de Bourcier and Wheeler, 1997; Di Paolo, 1997; Werner and Todd, 1997; Noble, 1998) 2. Those which suggest that cultural transmission between generations alone is capable of developing and refining entirely learned communication systems (e.g. Hutchins and Hazelhurst, 1995; Steels and Vogt, 1997; Batali, 1998; Livingstone and Fyfe, 1999; Batali, in press; Hurford, in press; Kirby, in prep; Kirby, in pressa; Kirby, in pressb; Oliphant, in press) 3. Those which suggest that positive interactions between genetic and cultural transmission are capable of developing and refining communication systems ....

....a confidence rating, corresponding to how closely that pattern matches the received signal. The meaning which produces the signal closest to the received signal, according to the confidence measure, is chosen as the interpretation of the received signal. This method is based on the method used by Batali (1998) and Kirby (in prep) for producing outputs for similar networks. The confidence measure that a given real numbered output vector, o, of length n matches a target binary vector t of length n is simply the product of the confidence scores for each individual node 1: n in the output vector i.e. ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. Cambridge University Press.

....to get the best mates possible. The meaning of the mating display is not shared by signaller and receiver since the job of the sexual ornament is not the same for both parties. Human Language Within models of the evolution of human language (e.g. Kirby Hurford, 1997; Kirby, 1998, 2000; Batali, 1998; Steels, 1998) there is often little attention to the possibility of deceit (but see Noble, 2000) These accounts either implicitly or explicitly presuppose that the agents involved are taking part in an essentially co operative enterprise. Language is used by these agents to transmit ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Hurford et al.

....communication, rather than the reward being assessed by the agents based on how communication helps them solve a task at hand. Our employing the nested mental models and the knowledge base approach further sets our work apart from Steels work, as well as from related research reported in [2, 30]. We think that initiation and enrichment of an agent communication language can be accomplished by the mechanism of negotiation, developed in the fields of economics and game theory [23, 24] and automated in recent work in artificial intelligence [15, 26, 27] Here, we are motivated by the ....

J. Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language, pages 405--426. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

.... approach pioneered by Artificial Life research can fruitfully be applied to the study of the origins and evolution of language [9] particularly to the emergence of shared sound systems [3] the self organisation of lexicons [7] 11] grounded word meaning [12] and the origins of grammar [4] [1], 5] In all this research, the same mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of complexity are being used as exploited in other Artificial Life research, and a similar complex dynamics can be seen to emerge. This paper focuses on grounded lexicons as they emerge from the local interactions ....

....chooses one object from this context, further called the topic. The other objects form the background. The speaker then gives a verbal hint to the hearer. The verbal hint is an utterance that identifies the topic with respect to the objects in the background. For example, if the context contains [1] a red square, 2] a blue triangle, and [3] a green circle, then the speaker may say something like the red one to communicate that [1] is the topic. If the context contains also a red triangle, he has to be more precise and say something like the red square . Of course, the Talking Heads do ....

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Batali, J. Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. In: Hurford, J. et.al. [ed.] Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Edinburgh Univ. Press. Edinburgh, 1998.

....transmission of language. 2 However, recently there has been more interest in the formal and computational properties of the in uence of learning on the dynamic process of language transmission, historically, from one generation to the next (Niyogi and Berwick, 1997; Steels, 1997; Briscoe, 1998; Batali, 1998; Hurford, 1998) This paper explores the hypothesis that this process alone is enough to explain the emergence of the central unique features of syntax even where the prior bias of the learners is not subject to evolutionary change, and is relatively unconstraining. Linguistic transmission can be ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford, C. Knight, and M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, Cambridge, pp. 405-426. Cambridge University Press.

.... Nile: Neuronal Influences on Language Evolution Connectionist models for the simulation of the evolution of language Nils Goroll MSc in Artificial Intelligence School of AI Division of Informatics University of Edinburgh 1999 Abstract A simulation of language evolution as described in [Batali 98] is replicated, in which a population of communicative agents implemented as simple recurrent networks develops, from no explicit initial knowledge, effective linguistic representations for a small set of predefined meanings. The author of the original paper claims to have found a language ....

..... 92 A.1 A 3D plot of the error of Elman training compared with real recurrent back propagation . 114 xii List of Tables 3. 1 Referents and predicates used to build the meaning space of Batali s simulation (from [Batali 98] page 413) 31 6.1 Probabilities (truncated to two decimals) of words being uttered by agents from the population of the 25000 th round of agave std batali 29 06 1999 21:32:32 for some sample meanings . 62 6.2 Information ....

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John Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In James R. Hurford, Chris Knight, and Michael Studdert-Kennedy, editors, Approaches to the evolution of language: social and cognitive bases, pages 405-- 426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.

.... the study of these phenomena (see discussion in [6] Interesting results have already been obtained for different areas of language: simple communication codes [2] 13] 15] 22] coordination [4] 5] meaning and class formation [16] conventional lexicons [10] 17] 20] phonetics [3] and syntax [1][9] 18] An overview of this approach is given in [19] This paper focuses on the links between class formation and lexicon building. This topic is a fundamental issue in cognitive science, linguistics and philosophy (see [12] Most of the existing computational models study how agents can ....

J. Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford, C. Knight, and M. Studdert-Kennedy, editors, Evolution of Human Language. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1998.

....total number of knowledge gaps lled in by the whole group. Note that previous authors exploring the evolution of communication have varied in this choice, whilst still attaining positive results: e.g. Koza [14] studied algorithmically homogeneous ants in colonies, whilst Briscoe [4] and Batali [1] both studied systems in which communication occurred within heterogeneous groups. By allowing heterogeneous groups, it becomes possible to restrict study to a single group per generation. Thus tness of agents in a single generation may be evaluated at lower computational cost. 2 In simulating ....

John Batali, unpublished m.s. Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar, UCSD.

....paper goes beyond this earlier work by using vision as source of sensory data and by showing the very beginnings of syntax. The research reported here is related to a lot of work currently being done in machine learning as well as recent work on the origins of language, as discussed in [14] 9] [1], 7] and [10] This related research is extensively surveyed in [22] The rest of the paper is in four sections. The next section (section 2) introduces the experimental setup used to validate mechanisms for the origins of language and meaning and study their performance. Then the main principles ....

Batali, J. (1997) Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. To appear in Hurford, J., et.al. (1997).

....turns in parsing and generating. The resulting grammars generate purely formal structures but do not relate them with meaning. Subsequent work has focused on the problem how syntactic structure may be used to express meaning. Computational experiments in this line, particularly as reported by [5] [1], and [8] have shown that hierarchical structure starts to develop as soon as agents try to reuse in some way earlier created form meaning associations. This can either be because existing form meaning chunks are assembled in larger wholes, as emphasised in [8] or because an existing chunk is ....

Batali. J. (1998) Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. In: [4].

.... agents over a symbolic channel (Steels, 1997a; Kirby, 1998b) or communication of a single concept with a single symbol, or set of symbols in parallel (Oliphant, 1998; Di Paolo, 1998; Cangelosi and Parisi, 1998; Oliphant and Batali, 1996) 1 An approach similar to ours has been taken by Batali (1998) who also used recurrent networks as communicative agents. However, whereas our concepts are represented as points within the unit hypercube (a continuous space) his concepts are points on the corners of the unit hypercube (a discrete space) Furthermore, Batali makes no distinction between ....

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar.

....earliest expression of this view from a syntactician, though the argument is presented much more clearly in Hurford (1998) and Kirby (1998) Linblom (1998) and colleagues have developed a similar approach to the evolution of phonological systems. Others who have adopted similar viewpoints include Batali (1998), Deacon (1997) and Steels (1998) selection amongst variants, so it rules out scenarios in which language acquisition is not data selective and biased, and also ones which involve a significant amount of invention ; that is, going beyond the data. Perhaps, more importantly, modern population ....

Batali, J. (1998) `Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar' in Hurford, J., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Knight, C. (ed.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 405--426.

....of past tense forms could evolve over simulated generations in response to changes in the frequency of verbs, using neural networks. Kirby [6] showed, using a symbolic system, how compositional languages are more likely to emerge when learning is constrained to a limited set of examples. Batali [7] has evolved recurrent networks that communicate simple structured concepts. Our argument is not that humans are general purpose learners. Rather, current research questions require exploring the nature and extent of biases that learners bring to language learning, and the ways in which languages ....

J. Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford, C. Knight, and M. Studdert-Kennedy, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language, pages 405--426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.

....structure) and its content (e.g. the origin of space, time, objecthood, etc. This research is related to a lot of work currently being done in machine learning but most specifically to recent work on the origins of language, such as by [MacLennan, 1991] Hutchins and Hazelhurst, 1995] [Batali, 1997], Hurford, 1989] Kirby, 1996] and others, as has been extensively surveyed in [Steels, 1997b] One of the key hypotheses underlying our approach is that communication through language is the main driving force in bootstrapping the representational capacities of intelligent agents. It is also ....

John Batali. Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. To appear in Hurford, J., et.al. (1997).

....learning paradigm is used. In this framework, no reinforcement signal is used. The communicative behavior of a learning individual is based solely on observations of the behavior of others. The model of observational learning I use is similar to that used by Hurford (1989) and Oliphant and Batali (1997). I assume that the life of an individual proceeds in two stages: a learning stage and a behaving stage. During the learning stage, an individual observes the behavior of the other individuals in the population, and uses these observations to construct its own communication system. After learning, ....

....the evolution of language ability. Perhaps, once animals can learn to communicate by observing others, the achievement of syntactic communication is an extension that is comparatively less difficult. Recent work involving computational simulations of the origins of syntax supports this view (Batali, 1997; Hutchins and Hazelhurst, 1997; Worden, 1997; Kirby, 1998) In either case, it is a mistake to take the existence of simple innate communication systems in other species to imply that the problem of the lexicon in language evolution is solved. To do so is to ignore the important distinction ....

Batali, J. (1997). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford, C. Knight, and M. Studdert-Kennedy (Eds.), Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases for the Emergence of Phonology and Syntax. Cambridge University Press.

....act meaning (illocution) Kirby s paper is one of the first in a current spate of research reports which describe fully implemented computational models of the evolution of languages with (simple) syntax in a population of learners. The paper builds on, and significantly extends, the work of Batali (1998) (in the predecessor volume to this one) This new trend, the computational modelling of evolving populations, with individuals endowed with quite complex behaviours, is made possible by the spectacular advances in computing power of the last decade. A collection of such work appears in a sister ....

Batali, John 1998 "Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar ". In Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases, edited by James R Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy and Chris Knight, 405-426, Cambridge University Press.

....language formation and evolution take place at the level of language itself, without any change in the genetic make up of the agents. Language recruits and exploits available brain capacities of the agents but does not require any capacity which is not already needed for other activities (see also (Batali, 1998), Kirby and Hurford, 1997) The present paper focuses on the lexicon. It proposes a model to explain spontaneous lexicon evolution, driven solely by internal factors. In order to have any explanatory force at all, we cannot put into the model the ingredients that we try to explain. Innovation, ....

J. Batali. 1998. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. Hurford, C. Knight, and M. Studdert-Kennedy, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language.

....PRE FINAL DRAFT: Comments welcome 1 Introduction Evolutionary modelling is moving into the challenging field of the evolution of syntactic systems. In this chapter 1 , five recent models will be compared. The following abbreviations will be used in referring to them. Batali (1998) JB1 Batali (this volume) JB2 Hurford (in press) JH Kirby (in press) SK1 Kirby (this volume) SK2 Other related work will be mentioned where relevant 2 . The goals of the comparison will be to highlight shared and different assumptions and consequent shared and different outcomes. The models of ....

Batali, John, 1998 "Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar ". In Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases, edited by James R Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy and Chris Knight, 405426, Cambridge University Press.

....1993 M.Sc. University of California, San Diego 1994 1996 Teaching Research Assistant, Department of Cognitive Science University of California, San Diego 1997 Fellow, Collegium Budapest Budapest, Hungary 1997 Doctor of Philosophy University of California, San Diego PUBLICATIONS Oliphant, M. Batali, J. 1997) Learning and the emergence of coordinated communication. Center for Research on Language Newsletter. Volume 11, Number 1. Oliphant, M. 1996) The dilemma of saussurean communication. BioSystems, 37(1 2) pp. 31 38. Oliphant, M. 1995) Selfish genes and altruistic behavior. In P. Enrado ....

....likely due to the fact that normalization, in addition to countering biases due to skewed observation of reception behavior, also helps to compensate for the error involved in sampling in general. 5 This learning strategy is functionally identical to the strategy called Obverter in Oliphant and Batali (1997). 93 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Communicative Accuracy Rounds Figure VI.16: Performance of the Normalize learning procedure. In every simulation run, the Normalize strategy results in an optimal communication system. Four signals and meanings are used. Results are averaged ....

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Batali, J. (1997). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar.

....models, the language acquirer is also, in the early stages of the process, a language creator; and in the later stages of the process, when the population has converged to a common system, the language acquirer is a language maintainer. The work described here draws from, and builds upon, work by Batali (1998) and Kirby (this volume) 1 Introduction and assumptions The take home conclusion of this paper 1 is that general rules emerge and survive in the Arena of Use. This conclusion is argued on the assumption that a language has a two stage life cycle. In its history, a language exists in, and ....

Batali, John, 1998 "Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar" in Hurford, J., Studdert-Kennedy, M., and Knight, C. (eds) Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases, Cambridge University Press.

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John Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. forthcoming.

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John Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In James Hurford, Michael Studdert-Kennedy, and Chris Knight, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language, Social and Cognitive Bases, pages 405--426. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

No context found.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Hurford, J. R., StuddertKennedy, M., & Knight, C.(Eds.), Approaches to the Evolution of Language - Social and Cognitive Bases (pp. 405-426). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

No context found.

J. Batali, "Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar, " in Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, edited by J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy, and C. Knight (Cambridge University Press, 1998).

No context found.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, pages 405--426. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

No context found.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In J. R. Hurford, M. Studdert-Kennedy , & C. Knight (Eds.), Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases (pp. 405--426). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

No context found.

Batali, J. (1997) Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Grammar. To appear in Hurford, J., et.al. (1997).

No context found.

John Batali. Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In James Hurford, Chris Knight, and Michael Studdert-Kennedy, editors, Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases, pages 405--426, Cambridge, 1998. Cambridge University Press.

No context found.

Batali, J. (1998). Computational simulations of the emergence of grammar. In Hurford, J., StuddertKennedy, M. & Knight, C. (eds.) Approaches to the Evolution of Language. Cambridge University Press.

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