S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....A survey of the early methods in the area of IC maintenance is founded in [25] and that of the current methods are in[55] 77] provides a comparison of some techniques for view updating and IC maintenance. IC maintenance based on the generation and execution of active rules are provides in [13][29] 48] 15] 47] aim at incorporating the information provided by IC into the update request then unfolding the resulting expression. 77] takes into account the IC every time that a new update is considered. 46] 32] 53] develop dynamic IC enforcement. 41] describes a proposed model for ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca, Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems 19(3): 367-422 1994

....using check constraints. An SQO prototype has been implemented in DB2. 5 Summary and Related Work Extracting semantic information from database schemas and contents, often called rule discovery, has been studied over the last several years. Rules can be inferred from integrity constraints [3, 2, 24] or can be discovered from database content using machine learning or data mining approaches [5, 7, 10, 21, 22, 24] It has also been suggested that such rules be used for query optimization [11, 21, 22, 24] in a similar way that traditional integrity constraints are used in semantic query ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. TODS, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....table. In experiments, good optimization has been demonstrated through range restriction using the holes. Extracting semantic information from database schemas and contents, often called rule discovery, has been studied over the last several years. Rules can be inferred from integrity constraints [2, 3, 30] or can be discovered from database content using machine learning or data mining approaches [5, 7, 12, 27, 28, 30] It has also been suggested that such rules be used for query optimization [13, 27, 28, 30] in a similar way that traditional integrity constraints are used in semantic query ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. TODS, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....icting updates, in general it is not guaranteed that the action of a rule red to repair a constraint violation does not violate another constraint. In this case the user program is rolled back. Work is in progress concerning termination, con icting updates, preventing rollback (see for instance [CFPT]) 25 Automatic generation of active rules : Given a set of constraints, the problem of automatically generating active rules to enforce the constraints has been extensively studied [WC] FP] In general, there exists many ways to repair a constraint violation. The choice of the rules as well ....

....framework, generation of transactions and also of regular expressions are fully automated. Completeness : As said before, a set of alternative rules may be used to repair constraint violation. Most proposals have opted for deterministic repair and require that one rule be chosen. The work of [CFPT] is among the exceptions. The choice of one rule among the alternative rules entails that the database is not a strict representation of the real world s behavior characterized by the constraint. This may be penalizing for some applications. In conclusion, we believe that the active database ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi and L. Tanca.: Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. In TODS 1994.

....htable, operationi pair. Termination is much more difficult to deal with since it is necessary to analyze whether or not a set of triggers may activate each other indefinitely. Regarding the aspects of trigger confluence and termination, a substantial amount of work has been published (see, e.g. [73, 14] for an overview or [2, 5, 15, 28, 74] for more detailed discussions) Another important issue for implementing reactive triggers is the specification of the right repairing database modifications. A standard approach typically adopted for applications is to undo a violating database ....

....in the WHEN clause build the violating condition for the integrity constraint. The UPDATE clause in the trigger s body undoes the update of the row that violates the integrity constraint. 2 A more detailed discussion about reactive constraint enforcement mechanisms can be found in, e.g. [14, 27, 29]. So how can reactive constraint enforcement mechanisms effectively be implemented in current commercial database systems In particular, how can database designers avoid running into the above problems Again, similar to the verification of constraint properties discussed in Section 5.2, current ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, September 1994.

....systems. Consistency means that the database must be semantically correct. It is classically ensured by the definition of integrity constraints, which are assertions defined on the database, which must be satisfied at the end of each transaction. Much work has been devoted to this problem [Nic82,CW90,GW93,CFPT94,GW97] and many DBMS provide now this functionality [IBM89,Syb89,ES97] Good surveys describing the various approaches are given in [GA93,FMP97] In the great majority of cases, consistency management systems are designed for simple and classical flat transaction models and very few solutions have been ....

....Consistency is generally assured by integrity constraints (IC) which are logical assertions that must always hold in the database. A database state is consistent if and only if all constraints are satisfied. Much work concerning the checking of integrity constraints has already been done [Nic82,CW90,GW93,CFPT94,GW97]. Good surveys describing the various approaches are given in [GA93,FMP97] Some approaches are adapted for on line transactions, such as active rules and triggers [WC96] where the user is in charge of determining the events raising the checking of a given constraint. Other solutions use ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, September 1994.

....process support system can provide some suggestions to humans in order to facilitate the reconciliation. We are not aware of any PSEE that provides significant facilities to support reconciliation. Some interesting contributions to address this issue have been proposed by the database community [4]. In advanced database management systems, upon the invocation of a transaction that can possibly violate an integrity constraint, specific repairing actions are automatically executed to compensate the anomalous effects of the transaction. These actions are defined at database creation time by ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

....rules perform actions that may range from database manipulation operations to external procedure calls. Active rules provide a powerful mechanism for database system functions that were previously performed by user applications, e.g. general integrity constraint maintenance [Ceri and Widom 1990; Ceri et al. 1994] and materialized view maintenance [Ceri and Widom 1991] Active rules also can be used for advanced features of complex database applications, e.g. workflow management [Dayal et al. 1990] Active database systems are very powerful, but developing even small active rule applications can be a ....

Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., Paraboschi, S., and Tanca, L. 1994. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems 19, 3 (Sept.), 367--422.

....A deductive database is called consistent if it satisfies a set of integrity constraints. When applying a transaction, database consistency may be violated. That is, the transaction may falsify some integrity constraint. An approach to deal with this problem is that of integrity maintenance [ML91, Wt93, Ger94, CFPT94, TO95, Maa98, Sch98], which is concerned with trying to repair integrity constraints violations by performing additional updates that restore consistency of the database. The methods proposed so far for integrity maintenance have been mainly concerned with the generation of a complete set of repairs of integrity ....

....violated and all nodes of the graph are unmarked. Therefore, we get a final transaction T = iDean(Bob) iProf(Bob) iHas Thesis(Bob) iGrad(Bob) that satisfies all integrity constraints. 7. Relation with Previous Work We compare our proposal with previous work on efficient integrity maintenance [CFPT94, Ger94, FP97, Sch98] and we measure the efficiency improvement of our approach to view updating with respect to that of [TO95] 7.1 Previous Work on Efficient Integrity Maintenance The most interesting proposals that consider efficiency issues during integrity maintenance are [CFPT94, FP97] and [Ger94] which are ....

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Ceri, S.; Fraternali, P.; Paraboschi, S.; Tanca, L. "Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance" ACM Transactions on Database Systems Vol.19 N3, Sept. 1994, pp-367-422.

....example [8] If a violation is detected, the update is rolled back in its entirety. The main drawback of this approach is that the user may not know which additional changes are needed to satisfy all the integrity constraints. An alternative approach is that of integrity constraint maintenance [14, 20, 3, 17, 13, 1], which tries to repair integrity constraint violations by performing additional updates, other than the requested ones, to restore database consistency. Deductive databases contain also deductive rules that allow to deduce new (view or derived) facts from those (base) facts explicitly stored in ....

Ceri, S.; Fraternali, P.; Paraboschi, S.; Tanca, L. "Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance". ACM Transactions on Database Systems Vol. 19 no. 3, Sept. 1994, pp.367-422.

....constraint maintenance. In the rest of this section, we explain each dimension in detail and present their relevant features. These features are then used to compare the methods that deal with these problems. Ordered according to the date of publication, the methods considered in this survey are [GL90, KM90, ML91, MT93, Wt93, CFPT94, Ger94, CHM95, CST95, TO95, Sch96, Dec97, LT97, Maa98, Sch98]. Results of each method according to those features are summarized in Table 2. 2.1 Problem Addressed Not all methods cover both view updating and integrity constraint maintenance. Moreover, not all methods for view updating incorporate also an integrity maintenance policy. Therefore, we can ....

.... 2) Whether they incorporate an integrity constraint checking or an integrity constraint maintenance approach (indicated by check or maintain in the third column) We have that [KM90, MT93, Wt93, CST95, TO95, Dec97, LT97] cover both view updating and integrity constraint maintenance, while [ML91, CFPT94, Ger94, Sch96, Maa98, Sch98] deal only with integrity constraint maintenance and, thus, are not able to handle view updates. Moreover, GL90, CHM95] deal with view updating but apply an integrity constraint checking approach, although [CHM95] is also able to propose additional repairs for certain specific integrity ....

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Ceri, S.; Fraternali, P.; Paraboschi, S.; Tanca, L. "Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance" ACM Transactions on Database Systems Vol.19 N3, Sept. 1994, pp.367-422.

.... active rules provide a powerful mechanism for the management of several important database activities (e.g. constraint maintenance and view materialization [6, 7] and for this reason, they are now largely used in modern database applications and have been extensively studied in the last years [2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23]. However, in the various approaches, active rule execution is generally specified only by informal, natural language descriptions. It follows that very often, when the number of rules increases, active rule processing becomes quickly complex and unpredictable, even for relatively small rule sets ....

S. Ceri , P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenanace. In ACM Transaction on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, September 1994.

....application, financial and banking applications) to cooperative work or process (document editing) software engineering, process control, multimedia or real time applications, etc. Potential and actual active database applications have been investigated ( CW90, CW91, BCMP94, CS94, CW94, CFPT94, WC96] As a consequence to these various uses of active rules, many active database systems models or prototypes have been proposed ( Da86, SHH87, DBB 88, AG89, Han89, WF90, BM91, DPG91, BBKZ92, SKM92, CAM93, CCS94, KRRV94, CFPT95a] Database products ( Ing92, Ora92, Syb92] and standards ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca, Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance, ACM Transactions on Database Systems 19 (1994), no. 3, 367--422.

.... violations onto the DBMS, allowing automatic transaction repair (ATR) This interest has developed from two separate areas attempts to solve the view update problem in deductive databases [27, 18] and work in generating active rules from declarative specifications of integrity constraints [2, 5, 25] (in which the empty actions of the generated rules suggested an obvious opportunity for transaction repair) In fact, automatic repair of structural constraints, such as referential integrity, has been a feature of DBMS s (particular those based on semantic data models) for some time. This kind ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, September 1995.

....not satisfy the set of constraints. Maintaining the database under updates so that it satisfies the set of constraints is called integrity enforcement (Nicolas 1982, Bernstein and Blaustein 1981, Hsu and Imielinski 1985, Bry et al. 1988, Ishakbeyoglu and Ozsoyoglu 1991, McCune and Henschen 1989, Ceri et al. 1994). The integrity enforcement is another important problem regarding the maintenance of integrity constraints. In this paper, our focus is on the problem of maintaining a non redundant and consistent set of database constraints under updates, and not on the integrity enforcement. Maintaining a ....

....constraints. In the literature, several problems on the constraint maintenance have been discussed. One of them is the integrity enforcement problem (Nicolas 1982, Bernstein and Blaustein 1981, Hsu and Imielinski 1985, Bry et al. 1988, Ishakbeyoglu and Ozsoyoglu 1991, McCune and Henschen 1989, Ceri et al. 1994) that checks whether any of the constraints is invalidated with database updates in the form of tuple insertions deletions modifications.The second problem, which we also discuss here, is concerned with the consistency and redundancy in a constraint set when constraints are inserted or deleted ....

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Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., Paraboschi, S., Tanca, L., Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance, ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19 (3), September 1994, pp. 367-422.

....enforcement methods performing repairing actions have been developed. The topic of repairing constraint violations has recently become a new discipline in the database area. Several proposals have been made to this topic in the context of active databases, e.g. Urban and Desiderio 1992, Ceri et al. 1994, Gertz 1994, Schewe and Thalheim 1994) and deductive databases, e.g. Moerkotte and Lockemann 1991) see (Fraternali and Paraboschi 1993) for an extensive overview) The drawback of these approaches is, however, that they in general realize an autonomous repair of constraint violations. ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, L. Tanca (1994) Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on 22 An Extensible Framework for Repairing Constraint Violations Database Systems 19:3 (September 1994), 367--422.

....the cascade actions used in the referential constraints of some systems) used to refuse particular modifications to the database, while the former can also cause or dictate additional changes to the database. There has been some research on generating triggers to maintain integrity constraints [7, 6, 17, 10, 9]. The integrity constraints in [7, 6] are static constraints and do not allow temporal operators. While Chomicki and Toman [10] use PTL (past temporal logic) to express their temporal integrity constraints, Gertz and Lipeck [17] use FTL (future temporal logic) We reiterate that our goal is to be ....

....constraints of some systems) used to refuse particular modifications to the database, while the former can also cause or dictate additional changes to the database. There has been some research on generating triggers to maintain integrity constraints [7, 6, 17, 10, 9] The integrity constraints in [7, 6] are static constraints and do not allow temporal operators. While Chomicki and Toman [10] use PTL (past temporal logic) to express their temporal integrity constraints, Gertz and Lipeck [17] use FTL (future temporal logic) We reiterate that our goal is to be able to specify more than just ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

.... satisfies the simplified conditions, it is guaranteed that the database will be consistent after the update (Oliv , 1991) Many recent works have proposed that the technology of active databases provides a natural framework for implementing integrity enforcement through repairing actions (Ceri and Widom, 1990; Fraternali and Paraboschi, 1993; Ceri et al. 1994b) The predominant paradigm for active databases is that of ECA rules which are triggered by an event and their action is executed only if a condition is met. Nowadays, works in the field of active databases investigate the rule based integrity ....

....investigate the rule based integrity maintenance. Next we consider three criteria to group some methods for static constraint enforcement: Kind of the database considered: some examples in the area of relational databases are Nicolas (1982) Henschen et al. 1984) Hsu and Imielinski (1985) Ceri and Widom (1990), Widom et al. 1994) The methods developed by Decker (1986) Kowalski et al. 1987) Lloyd et al. 1987) Moerkotte and Lockemann (1991) W thrich (1993) Pastor and Oliv (1994) Asirelli et al. 1996) Lee and Ling (1996) deal with deductive databases. In the area of object oriented databases ....

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Ceri, S., Fraternali, P., Paraboschi, S. and Tanca, L. (1994b) Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), 367-422.

.... rules are guaranteed to produce a unique final state [2] Other researchers have used the Starburst Rule System as a basis for studying and implementing secure active databases [40] dynamic integrity constraints [28,43] and automatically generated compensating actions for static constraints [13]. Although we do consider the Starburst Rule System to be complete at this time, there are several directions in which it may be exercised, improved, and extended: ffl Currently we have obtained only initial cursory performance results. We would like to elaborate these results; this requires ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. To appear in ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1994.

....recovery on the other hand has received a fair amount of attention within the last five years. With very few exceptions [ML91] CW91] Wut93] integrity recovery methods are tied to the relational model and employ active rules for the support of integrity restoration actions [CW90] CFPT92] CFPT94] Ger94] CT94] Finally, before we formally define the issues discussed in the previous paragraphs, we would like to establish the relationship between the problem of integrity maintenance and the analysis of business processes. We argue that the proposed methods provide the machinery for ....

....Active Rules The emergence of active database systems [Mor83] Day88] made possible the specification of reactive behaviour in databases. Integrity constraints can be specified and enforced by means of rules whose execution is triggered by the occurrence of events. Production rules [CFPT92] CFPT94] FP92] or Event Condition Action (ECA) rules [Kot88] MD89] Urp92] EGS92] Bay93] are used for specifying the system behaviour in the occurrence of events. The actions performed may be of the same type as the actions that caused the event occurrence. Such a mechanism permits the support ....

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S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....In this section, the algorithms employed by CBCC mechanism are described. In these algorithms, data structures IC, BC for every workflow, and B(t x ) F (t x ) LF (t x ) for every activity are required. A Constraint Editor in conjunction with a first order constraint specification language [12, 15] can be used by an administrator and or workflow designers to define these data structures. 6.1.1. Algorithm for Activity Start Any activity t x needs an exclusive lock for every inter activity constraint it falsifies to start (Steps 1 2 of Algorithm 6.1) This is possible only when there is no ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca, Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance, ACM TODS, Vol. 19, No. 3, September 1994.

....When activated, rules perform actions that may range from database manipulation operations to external procedure calls. Active rules provide a powerful mechanism for database system functions that were previously performed by user applications, e.g. general integrity constraint maintenance [CW90,CFPT94] and materialized view maintenance This work was partially performed while the authors were at the IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA. At Stanford this work was supported by the Anderson Faculty Scholar Fund and by equipment grants from Digital Equipment Corporation and IBM ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, September 1994.

....environments, and to drop some of the simplifying assumptions we made for the initial cost analysis. ffl The issue of constraint repair when violations occur requires further study. Even in traditional centralized databases, constraint repair is an important topic of current research (e.g. [CFP94, GL93]) In federated databases the problem is even more difficult. It has to be determined which of the protocols can be extended to incorporate constraint repair, and what the characteristics of these extended protocols are with respect to constraint maintenance properties, system requirements, and ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Trans. on Database Systems, 19(3), 1994.

....(ECA) paradigm which specifies an action (possibly a sequence of actions) to be executed when a given event occurs, provided that certain conditions hold. The reactive capabilities of active databases are useful for many applications, such as views [9, 10] integrity constraints [36, 8], and workflows. Several active database languages [33, 22, 21] have been proposed, and many systems and prototypes have been designed and, partially or completely, implemented [25, 28, 11, 19, 34, 39] many systems are presented in the collection [40] Each system has some active features, ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....Byte, and is thus as storage efficient as the C based model 4 Taxonomic Inheritance and Adaptation In this section we focus on taxonomic inheritance of query and update methods and on how to adapt update methods in order to enforce integrity w.r.t. the functional constraints (cp. STSW93, CFPT94] It is essential to note that the following discussions are independent of our storage optimization. 4.1 Inheriting Methods Query Methods. Query methods (signature and code) can be inherited without any special considerations since class taxonomies imply a set inclusion semantics. Overriding ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Trans. on Database Systems, 13(3):367--422, Sept. 1994.

....(ECA) paradigm which specifies an action (possibly a sequence of actions) to be executed when a given event occurs, provided that certain conditions hold. The reactive capabilities of active databases are useful for many applications, such as views [9, 10] integrity constraints [36, 8], and workflows. Several active database languages [33, 22, 21] have been proposed, and many systems and prototypes have been designed and, partially or completely, implemented [25, 28, 11, 19, 34, 39] many systems are presented in the collection [40] Each system has some active features, ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....will use sensing actions to keep this constraint satisfied. The sensing activity could be a long duration activity that will terminate as soon as the social security is entered into the database. In the full paper we will discuss this in greater detail and compare it with the current approaches [CFPT94] to automatic generation of active rules. 5 Formalizing cooperation in a non sequential workflow In this section we formalize agents that run non sequential workflows modules. Now an agent, after requesting another (cooperative) agent to perform some activity, can concurrently pursue other ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenace. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367--422, 1994.

....6 draws some conclusions and indications for future research initiatives. 1.1 Related Work As we outlined before, other contributions to the database constraint violation problem focus on detecting, controlling, and fixing the deviations, but do not address the constraint modification issue. [CFPT94] defines a semi automatic mechanism for reconciling from situations incompatible with the consistency constraints. The basic idea is that, when some constraints are violated during transaction execution, instead of aborting the transaction, some repairing actions are performed, that bring the ....

....Executor, that executes the algorithm we introduced in Section 4. Constraint modification is executed whenever the database administrator requires it. Moreover, it is also activated when the number of violations of a constraint exceeds a specified value. 2 For instance, active rules are used in [CFPT94] and [UD90] to enforce database integrity through repairing actions on the database state. Constraint Modification Executor Rule Executor Rule Generator Editor Constraint Figure 2: The system architecture. Data used by all the system components are stored in the database. In addition to the ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

....relation changes to derived relations incrementally. Other research that has considered the problem of incrementally maintaining derived data includes [AP87, DT92, GMS93,HD93a, Kuc91, NY83, UO92,WDSY91] Similar approaches have been applied to integrity constraint maintenance, e.g. Nic82,UKN92,CFPT94,CW90] where the incremental nature of the computation results from the assumption that the previous database state satisfies the constraints. Pioneering work in incremental maintenance of deductive data [NY83] proposes an approach to materialized derived relations in which a counter is ....

S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. To appear in ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 1994.

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S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

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S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

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S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

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Stefano Ceri, Piero Fraternali, Stefano Paraboschi, and Letizia Tanca. Automatic generation of production rules for integrity maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3), September 1994.

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S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, S. Paraboschi, and L. Tanca. Automatic Generation of Production Rules for Integrity Maintenance. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 19(3):367-- 422, September 1994.

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