M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....mechanisms that serialize access to shared objects (such as messages, message queues, protocol connection records, and demultiplexing tables) used when processing protocols in parallel. A number of process architectures have been proposed as the basis for parallelizing communication subsystems [1, 2, 3, 4]. There are two fundamental types of process architectures: task based and message based. Task based process architectures are formed by binding one or more PEs to units of protocol functionality (such as presentation layer formatting or transport layer segmentation reassembly, acknowledgment ....

....of synchronization on Message Parallelism implementations of TCP and UDP transport protocols built within a multi processor version of the x kernel. 8] measures the performance of the Nonet transport protocol on a multi processor version of Plan 9 STREAMS developed using Message Parallelism. [3] measures the performance of the OSI protocol stack, focusing primarily on the presentation and transport layers using Message Parallelism. 14] measures the performance of the TCP IP protocol stack using Connectional Parallelism in a multi processor version of System V STREAMS. The work ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

....protocol processing. Certain methods of parallelizing protocol stacks incur significant synchronization overhead from managing locks associated with processing these shared objects [27] A number of process architectures have been proposed as the basis for parallelizing communication subsystems [25, 28, 27]. A process architecture binds one or more processing elements (PEs) together with the protocol tasks and messages that implement protocol stacks in a communication subsystem. Figure 7 (1) illustrates the three basic elements that form the foundation of a process architecture: 1. Control messages ....

.... and segmentation reassembly functions of the network layer processing were omitted from these experiments since both the sender the experiments since it represents a major bottleneck in highperformance communication systems due primarily to the large amount of data movement overhead it incurs [29, 28]. Both the connectionless and connection oriented protocol stacks were developed by specializing existing components in the ASX framework via techniques involving inheritance and parameterized types. These techniques are used to hold the protocol stack functionality constant while systematically ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedingsof the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

....corresponds to the natural protocol layering abstraction. However, it appears that the overheads and specialized hardware requirements preclude these approaches in a general purpose (RISC based) end host environment. Instead, many studies have considered parallelism among distinct messages [6, 20, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 49, 55, 64, 65, 66]. While this approach does not reduce latency for individual packets, it does increase throughput and decrease latency within and among sessions. We now turn our attention to these studies. In the first study of message level parallelism, Jain, Schwartz and Bashkow consider the design of a ....

....protocol parallelism [25] The key idea in their approach is to separate packet manipulation operations (such as encryption or checksumming) from the operations which access the stream control block at a given protocol layer. The former are parallelized, and the latter are not. In related work [26], the authors report experiments measuring the response time for request response applications utilizing the upper layers (i.e. layers 5 7) of an OSI connectionoriented stack (including ASN.1 transfer syntax conversion) as a joint function of the number of available processors and amount of data ....

Murray W. Goldberg, Gerald W. Neufeld, and Mabo R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1993.

....FDDI Functional Parallelism 1 1 2 2 Layer Parallelism TCP PacketLevel Parallelism ConnectionLevel Parallelism Figure 1. 3 Approaches to Parallelism Many approaches to parallelizing network protocols have been proposed and are briefly described here; additional surveys can be found in [5, 24, 67]. In general, we attempt to classify approaches by the unit of concurrency, or what it is that processing elements do in parallel. Here a processing element is a locus of execution for protocol processing, and can be a dedicated processor, a heavyweight process, 5 or lightweight thread. Figure ....

....regardless of their connection or where they are in the protocol stack, achieving speedup both with multiple connections and within a single connection. The disadvantage is that it requires locking shared state, most notably the protocol state at each layer. Systems using this approach include [5, 24, 29, 31, 50]. A set of connections forms the unit of concurrency in connection level parallelism [21, 60, 65, 67] Speedup is achieved using multiple connections, which can potentially be processed in parallel. The advantage of this approach is that it exploits the natural concurrency between connections. ....

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Goldberg, M. W., Neufeld, G. W., and Ito, M. R. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1992.

....and Peterson in the x kernel [14] this approach distributes packets across processors, achieving speedup both with multiple connections and within a single connection. Packets can be processed on any processor, maximizing flexibility and utilization. Other systems using this approach include [5, 11]. Several other approaches to parallelism have also been proposed and are briefly described here; more detailed surveys can be found in [5, 11] In layered parallelism, protocols are assigned to specific processors, and messages passed between layers through interprocess communication. ....

....within a single connection. Packets can be processed on any processor, maximizing flexibility and utilization. Other systems using this approach include [5, 11] Several other approaches to parallelism have also been proposed and are briefly described here; more detailed surveys can be found in [5, 11]. In layered parallelism, protocols are assigned to specific processors, and messages passed between layers through interprocess communication. Parallelism gains can be achieved mainly through pipelining effects. An example is found in [10] Connection level parallelism associates connections with ....

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Murray W. Goldberg, Gerald W. Neufeld, and Mabo R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1993.

.... between the network layer and the application (Figure 1) Much of the prior work on high performance communication falls into four categories: ffl General implementation approaches independent of any particular protocol [5, 10, 8, 11] ffl Implementation techniques focused on existing protocols [12, 6] ffl General considerations for new protocol design [4, 1, 7] ffl Specific proposals for new, efficiently implementable protocols [9, 3] The design of represents a mixture of these approaches: it is both a protocol and an architecture. As such, many features of have appeared elsewhere. Like ....

Murray Goldberg, Gerald Neufeld, and Mabo Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connectionoriented protocols. In Third IFIP International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1993.

.... Furthermore, to compensate for the increased ratio of propagation delay to cell packet transmission time, some form of structural and or functional parallelism (or pipelining) must be used in processing the different protocols and or data structures involved in a communication process [Zit91] [GNI92], Kle92] ITN93] 1.3 Solution Approach The fundamental shift in technologies and their trade off forces us to consider new alternative approaches to the integrated multi Gbit s communication over multiwavelength optical networks. Removing the fundamental bottlenecks, as described previously, ....

....running on multiple processors. Three levels of parallelism are generally identified for a communication process, which are given by the degree of granularity (i.e. coarse grain, medium grain and fine grain) used when introducing parallelism into protocol processing [JSB90] Haa91] Zit91] [GNI92]. 26 Typically, coarse grain processing involves high level functions or tasks assigned to individual processors such as, for instance, in the case of connection dedicated to processor approach. Despite its simplicity (which is advantageous for opening up the processing bottleneck) this ....

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Goldberg, M.W., Neufeld, G.W. and Ito, M.R.,"A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection -Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High Speed Networks, pp. 225 - 240, Stockholm, Sweden, May 1992.

....to parallelising protocol implementations, so for example in [5] and [34] However, the guidelines for parallelising proposed in these papers depend mainly on the intuition of the designer and thus its efficiency may be non optimal. Therefore, automated support when parallelising is desirable. [13] describes parallelising methods which have the per packet approach with ours in common, but lack a formal justification of the parallelising steps. 16] suggests a one object per protocol layer implementation of protocol stacks. This approach exploits some of the protocols inherent parallelism ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito. A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols. In Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, Stockholm, Sweden, May 1992.

....notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. low error rate communications [4] Parallelism can be exploited in either of these approaches. Multiple, separate experiences in applying parallelism to communication protocols have indicated good performance improvements of network transport systems[14, 11, 7, 9, 5, 6, 8, 1, 2, 3, 12]. As shared memory multiprocessor desktop workstations and server platforms are more commonplace, the use of parallelization at the network nodes is a real option. Parallelization also could be used in conjunction with other approaches to dealing with the communication bottlenecks. This paper ....

....implementation. Finally, conclusions and future directions are presented. PARALLELIZATION APPROACHES Whether the solution is implemented in hardware, software, or a combination, the same general techniques for protocol parallelism apply. Classifications for protocol parallelism are defined as [2, 5, 11]. ffl Connection parallelism: Connection parallelism implies establishment of multiple links, or connections, between end systems comprised of single processors or threads. Speedup is achieved with multiple connections allowing concurrent communication. ffl Packet parallelism: Packet ....

Murry W. Goldberg, Gerald W. Neufeld, and Mabo R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. In IFIP Workshop Protocols for High Speed Networks, pages 219--232. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993.

....participation in the Advanced Telecommunications Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP) Consortium sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement DAAL01 96 20002. There has been some research and experimentation in the parallelization of various protocols [3, 6, 8, 2, 5], with encouraging success. We are currently investigating the application of parallelization techniques to the data link and intranet layers of MIL STD 188 220A, the proposed standard for interoperability over Combat Net Radio. In addition, it is also of utmost importance to be able to test these ....

Murry W. Goldberg, Gerald W. Neufeld, and Mabo R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. In IFIP Workshop: Protocols for High Speed Networks, pages 219--232. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1993.

....is required in the network protocol stack; otherwise, a server s network bandwidth will be limited by the performance of a single processor, which may become a bottleneck. Many approaches to concurrency in protocols have been proposed. One that has gained favor is packet level parallelism [12, 48], where packets or messages are the unit of concurrency. Packets are processed in parallel, regardless of their connection or where they are in the protocol stack. This appears able to react to the workload more closely than other approaches to parallelism in protocols. We present a taxonomy of ....

....take advantage of the machines full capabilities. One way to improve performance in the network protocol subsystem to exploit the availability of multiple processors in the host. The use of parallelism in network protocol processing has recently become an active area of research in both academia [5, 12, 20, 21, 22, 35, 46, 47, 48, 59, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 87, 88, 89, 95, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117, 124, 125] and industry [18, 37, 42, 45, 49, 68, 90, 94, 110, 120] Many approaches to parallelism in network protocols have been proposed. We provide a brief taxonomy of parallelism in protocols here; more detailed surveys can be found in [12, 48] In general, we attempt to classify approaches by the unit ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Goldberg, M. W., Neufeld, G. W., and Ito, M. R. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1993.

....parallelism obtained directly via bound threads is useful for simultaneously performing presentation layer conversions on multiple messages using multiple CPUs. These operations benefit significantly from direct parallelism since they involve almost no inter thread communication or synchronization [23]. Conversely, maintaining a pool of unbound threads that shepard messages throughout a stack of services may benefit from the reduced kernel involvement associated with the multiplexed flavor of parallelism provided by unbound threads. ffl Configurable Concurrency Control Classes: By default, the ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedingsof the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

.... proposed and are briefly described here; more detailed surveys TCP IP FDDI 1 2 1 2 TCP IP FDDI 1 2 TCP IP FDDI 1 2 2 1 Processing Element Protocol Packet Packet Flow 1 TCP Connection Level Parallelism Packet Level Parallelism Layer Parallelism Figure 1: Approaches to Concurrency can be found in [3, 13]. In general, we attempt to classify approaches by the unit of concurrency, or what it is that processing elements do in parallel. Here a processing element is a locus of execution for protocol processing, and can be a dedicated processor, a heavyweight process, or a lightweight thread. Figure 1 ....

....of their connection or where they are in the protocol stack, achieving speedup both with multiple connections and within a single connection. The disadvantage is that it requires locking shared state, most significantly the protocol state at each layer. Systems using this approach include [3, 13]. In functionalparallelism, a protocol layer s functions are the unit of concurrency. Functions within a single protocol layer (e.g. checksum, ACK generation) are decomposed, and each assigned to a processing element. The advantage to this approach is that it is relatively fine grained, and thus ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

M. W. Goldberg, G. W. Neufeld, and M. R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshopon Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1993.

....on that message. As with Connectional Parallelism, outgoing messages typically borrow the thread of control from the application that initiated the message transfer. A number of projects have discussed, simulated, or utilized Message Parallelism as the basis for their process architecture [5, 41, 2, 42, 25]. Performance experiments [42] indicate that Message Parallelism scales quite well for connectionless protocols that possess minimal interdependencies between consecutively arriving or departing messages. Moreover, processing loads may be balanced more evenly among processes since each incoming ....

....may be dispatched to an available CPU. The primary disadvantages of Message Parallelism involve overhead resulting from (1) resource management and scheduling support necessary to associate a process with each message, 2) maintaining proper sequencing for messages that must be processed in order [41, 36], and (3) serializing access to resources (such as protocol control blocks that store information such as round trip time estimates, retransmission queues, and addressing information) shared between messages destined for the same connection. For connection oriented protocols (such as TCP or TP4) ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

.... using the x kernel [11] Our implementation runs in user space on a sharedmemory Silicon Graphics (SGI) Challenge multiprocessor [7] Several other approaches to parallelizing network protocols have also been proposed and are briefly described here; more detailed surveys can be found in [3, 10]. Functional parallelism decomposes functions within a protocol stack and assigns them to processing elements. Examples include [15, 16, 24] In layered parallelism, protocols are assigned to specific processors, and messages are passed between layers through interprocess communication. ....

....through interprocess communication. Parallelism gains can be achieved mainly through pipelining effects, as shown in [9] Packet level parallelism associates processing with each individual packet, achieving speedup both with multiple connections and within a single connection. Examples include [3, 10, 13, 23]. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides background on connection level parallelism. Section 3 discusses our implementation of connection level parallelism, and describes our experiments. In section 4 we present our results. Finally, section 5 summarizes the ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

M. W. Goldberg, G. W. Neufeld, and M. R. Ito. A parallel approach to OSI connection-oriented protocols. Third IFIP WG6.1/WG6.4 International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219--232, May 1992.

.... look aside buffers [4] Synchronization overhead arises from locking mechanisms that serialize access to shared resources (such as message buffers, message queues, protocol connection records, and demultiplexing maps) used during protocol processing [5] A number of threading architectures [5, 6, 7, 8] have been proposed as the basis for parallelizing communication subsystems. There are two fundamental types of threading architectures: task based and message based. Task based threading architectures are formed by binding one or more PEs to units of protocol functionality (such as presentation ....

.... [9] In contrast, in a message passing multi processorenvironment, messagebased threading architectures exhibit high levels of synchronization overhead due to high latency access to global resources such as shared memory, synchronization objects, or connection context information [6] Prior work [1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] has generally selected a single task based or message based threading architecture and studied it in isolation. Moreover, earlier studies have been conducted on different OS and hardware platforms using different protocolstacks and implementation techniques. This diversity of threading ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

....to protocol processing. Certain methods of parallelizing protocol stacks incur significant synchronization overhead from managing locks associated with processing these shared objects [28] A number of process architectures have been proposed as the basis for parallelizing communication subsystems [26, 29, 28]. A process architecture binds one or more processing elements (PEs) together with the protocol tasks and messages that implement protocol stacks in a communication subsystem. Figure 7 (1) illustrates the three basic elements that form the foundation of a process architecture: 1. Control messages ....

....protocol. The protocol stacks contain the data link, transport, and presentation layers. 3 The presentation layer is included in the experiments since it represents a major bottleneck in highperformance communication systems due primarily to the large amount of data movement overhead it incurs [30, 29]. Both the connectionless and connection oriented protocol stacks were developed by specializing existing components in the ASX framework via techniques involving inheritance and parameterized types. These techniques are used to hold the protocol stack functionality constant while systematically ....

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, and M. Ito, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, (Stockholm, Sweden), May 1992.

No context found.

M. GOLDBERT, G. NEUFELD, and M. ITO, "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-Oriented Protocols," in Proceedings of the 3 rd IFIP Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks (May 1992).

No context found.

M. Goldberg, G. Neufeld, M. Ito. "A Parallel Approach to OSI Connection-oriented Protocols," Third IFIP International Workshop on Protocols for High-Speed Networks, pages 219-232, May 1993.

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