Rock, I. (1983). The logic of perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....They stated that it s not the separate parts of the image but their relative relationships that dramatically affect human perception. Further explanations of Gestalt laws of perception and its applications in computer vision were provided individually by Witkin and Tenenbaum[4] Lowe[5] and Rock[6], known as the principle of non accidentalness, which assert that certain causal organization almost certainly exists when a structure, whose relative likelihood is extremely small in randomly generated scenes, is observed, even if the prior likelihood of existence of this organization is very ....

I. Rock, The logic of Perception, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983.

.... lie in front of and occlude others (e.g. by identifying concave sections in the boundaries of a region corresponding to a convex volume) Also, it is well known in the psychology literature that the knowledge that certain boundaries are due to occlusions can greatly assist human perception (Rock[46]) We now point out that our previous discussion of the backward constraints also provides an example of a situation in which the forward constraints, with known occlusion, can lead to a unique transformation. When we use the forward constraints with known occlusions we are making use of a subset ....

Rock, I., 1983. The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....uses sets of conjoined virtual quadrilaterals to add higher order structure to symmetric dot patterns, allowing the model to detect skewed symmetry. If perceptual relations play a role in symmetry detection, they may be linked to orientation effects. Some have suggested (Goldmeier, 1936 1972; Rock, 1983) that the preference for vertical symmetry may be rooted in the phenomenological reversibility (or commutativity) of leftright spatial relations, which is not true of above below relations. In other words, the preference for vertical symmetry is a product of how spatial relations, rather than ....

....relations highlighted in Figure 2 A) Along with having orientation dependent relations, we also can assume that vertically oriented visual relations are directed, while horizontally oriented relations are commutative. There is substantial evidence of just this dichotomy in human visual processing (Rock 1983). Humans often confuse left and right, but seldom confuse up and down. Now we can see how mapping relational structure affects the produced mapping. Given (A) MAGI produces a vertical symmetry mapping. The vertical mapping is due to the alignment of many orientation dependent visual relations, ....

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

....rise to a surprisingly high number of ambiguities and contextdependent interpretations. 1.1 Motivation Building natural language processing (NLP) for a scene description requires a large amount of knowledge. Several points of view have been studied in literature: computational [3] psychological [4], denition of cognitive models and prototypes [5, 6] Another consideration concerns the modeling of knowledge about physical process and systems, from both a qualitative and quantitative point of view [7] These works suoeer from a lack of information due to the relationship between NL and ....

I. Rock. The logic of perception. MITPress, 1983.

....of a sample phrase by using these rules as they are applied to the deep semantic representation. 1 Introduction Spatial semantics is important and it is the current focus of research in Arti cial Intelligence and Cognitive Science. Well known accounts include Novak, Kuipers, and Rock [1, 2, 3]. As far as we know, spatial semantics for natural language understanding which contain multiple meanings has not been studied until now. This paper describes the conceptualization of the sample phrase: a phrase in the simplest form of subject preposition object, which may contain a verb, ....

I. Rock. The logic of perception. MITPress, 1983.

....from images which are necessary for most line labeling algorithms to work properly. Another approach to extracting qualitative information from images involves inferring structure through perceptual organization. This line of research has been motivated by cues from the human visual system [13]. The human visual system can organize and interpret images even when 3# shape cannot be reconstructed. To do this, the salient features of the image, called tokens, need to be identi ed, organized, and interpreted. The capability of the human visual system to group tokens together in a meaningful ....

Irvin Rock. The Logic of Perception. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.

....of organization in visual perception. These rules include the properties of proximity, good continuation, closure and similarity [10, 21] There has been a renewed interest in the perceptual grouping phenomenon both in the computer vision community [3, 6, 11, 20, 22] and the psychology community [14]. In these studies, the idea of detecting non accidental properties has emerged as a unifying explanation for many of the phenomena that Gestalt psychologists had identified previously. Non accidental properties in an image refer to properties such as collinearity, curvilinearity, parallelism, ....

I. Rock. The Logic of Perception. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

....use some other static or kinematic cues (perceptual heuristics approach) Although dynamic event perception could, in principle, be addressed by other cognitive theories, such attempts have not been made. For instance, such an endeavor might be conceivable within an inference theoretical framework (Rock, 1983) suggesting that perception is the conscious result of a hierarchy of unconscious inferences. Judging dynamic events Dynamic events are those events that physicists group together in the field of classical dynamics and which they describe in terms of masses, forces, conservation of momentum, and ....

Rock, I. (1983). The logic of perception. Cambridge, MA: M. I. T. Press.

....the labeling scheme define generic views of anterior scenes. Because this was discussed in detail in the previous chapter, we consider the second source of constraints, which will be termed the stimulus conformity requirement. The importance of this requirement has been stressed by Irvin Rock[48], who observed that the [perceptual] solution must not contradict the stimulus and must contain everything implied by the stimulus. Regarding illusory contour displays, Rock hypothesized that the depth of visible boundaries must be zero, and that light surfaces must be visible against dark ....

....match which to form boundaries. The word unit is used here in the manner it is used by the Gestalt psychologists (see for example Schumann[54] and in this thesis refers to the boundary components which are the products of the grouping process. Unit ambiguity is illustrated in Figure 3.3. Rock[48] calls the interpretation in Figure 3.3(b) the literal solution. Both the literal solution and the solution depicted in Figure 3.3(c) are topologically valid and conform to the image evidence. Yet these two interpretations consist of very different sets of units, or boundary components. 1 ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Rock, I., The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1983.

.... lie in front of and occlude others (e.g. by identifying concave sections in the boundaries of a region corresponding to a convex volume) Also, it is well known in the psychology literature that the knowledge that certain boundaries are due to occlusions can greatly assist human perception (Rock [46]) Suppose we have identified a region in the image, but we know that some of the boundary of this region is due to another, occluding object and is not in fact the boundary of the region itself. By allowing for the region to be extended in the direction of such occlusions, we can construct a ....

I. Rock, 1983. The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

....object placement. This of course should be impossible because the clipboard would prevent the physical cursor from penetrating its plane. This is a good example of the perceptual phenomena known as visual capture , roughly: the visual perception system dominating the proprioceptive system) [19]. Selection by trolling: Pressing the buttonball s selection button and trolling through objects in order to select them seemed a much more effective selection technique than the traditional position then select technique. Because the world was sparsely populated with objects, users had few ....

Irvin Rock. The Logic Of Perception. Cambridge, p.70. MIT Press, 1983.

....is based on Gestalt grouping principles unrelated to the gesture. Research in gestalt perception dates back to Wertheimer (1923) Since then, perceptual organization research in psychology has grown to include both classical experimentation and computational modeling (Feldman Ballard, 1983; Rock, 1983; Marr, 1982; Palmer, 1981; Tversky, 1977; Rosch et al. 1976) Several computational approaches to explaining perceptual grouping phenomena have been offered (Treisman, 1990; Palmer, 1981; Tversky, 1977) and the focus has been both on finding features in the visual scene that can be used to ....

....etc. the approach taken here lies at the object level, taking the objects and their attributes as given. The factors most often discussed in Gestalt perception research are (1) proximity, 2) similarity, 3) good continuation, 4) symmetry and (5) closure. Discussions of these can be found in Rock (1983) and Coren and Ward (1989) this paper focuses on the first two. Proximity, Similarity and Perceptual Linearity The features of proximity and similarity are best explained by example. In Figure 3 the proximity of objects results in the perceptual groupings marked a, b and c. Since objects can be ....

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

....inference. Consider a context consisting of a set of DRAFT 8 Property Psychophysical Evidence A Posteriori Analysis Straightness Watt Andrews, 1982 1 Cotermination Julesz, 1971; Nakayama Shimojo, 1992 3,4,6 Circular Foster Wagemans, 1993; Lowe, 1985 1,3 Rectangular Gregory, 1970 7 Parallel Rock, 1983; Stevens, 1988 5,7 Rigid Body Motion Ullman, 1979; Wallach O Connell, 1953 1,8 Collinearity Westheimer McKee, 1977 2,5 Skew Symmetry Kanade, 1981; Leyton, 1992 Table 1: Some familiar non accidental relations often suggested as driving visual perceptual inferences (for acoustic analogs, ....

Rock, I. (1983) The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

.... process in which the visual system seeks a logical and probable interpretation of the image based on a knowledge of how images could be formed from objects, their spatial relations, the illumination, and viewpoint together with the prior assumptions about the nature of the world (Kersten, 1990; Rock, 1983). Assuming such a framework for visual system processing suggests a program of psychophysics which we refer to as a psychophysics of constraints. The objects of experimental study become the nature of the image features used for perception of scene characteristics, the constraints assumed by the ....

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press.

....some important recent progress, beginning with the seminal work of David Marr (Marr, 1982) It concerns the way in which the visual system recovers the 3 D structure of scenes from mathematically insufficient proximal data. The second has a longer tradition; it consists in demonstrations of what Rock (1983) has called problem solving , wherein vision provides what appear to be intelligent interpretations of certain 11 A view similar to this has recently been advocated by Barlow (1997) Barlow asks where the knowledge that appears to be used by vision comes from and answers that it may come from ....

....such as relaxation or label propagation methods, rather than global or serial methods (e.g. Marr Poggio, 1979; Rosenfeld, Hummel Zucker, 1976; Dawson Pylyshyn, 1988) 5. 2 Problem solving in vision In addition to the types of cases examined above, there are other cases of what Rock (1983) calls perceptual intelligence which differ from the cases discussed above because they involve more that just the 2D to 3 D mapping. These include the impressive cases that are reviewed in the book by Irvin Rock (1983) who makes a strong case that they involve a type of problem solving . In ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, a Bradford Book.

....indexing to the appropriate context that sets up the state space and preference relations. At the heart of our treatment is the notion that percepts are inductive inferences based on premises and preferences (Gregory, Priors, Preferences and Categorical Percepts 109 1970, 1980; Helmholtz, 1963; Rock, 1983) and that this inference process entails reasoning about consistency or plausibility in a conceptualization of the world (see Bennett, Hoffman Prakash, 1989; Nakayama Shimojo 1992; also their chapter in this volume) No matter what the logical or illogical form, the reasoning process must be ....

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

....all possible solutions is the fact that human vision apparently also fails to do so. The wellknown Necker cube illusion illustrates that human vision easily falls into a local minimum in the determination of viewpoint parameters, and seems unable to consider multiple solutions at one time. Rock [31], pp. 22ff summarizes the way in which human perception seems to always adopt one particular perception at any time even in the face of completely indeterminate continuous variables. The perception can suddenly change to a new stable position in the face of new information, which may come ....

Rock, Irvin, The Logic of Perception (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983).

....that our method can compensate quite accurately for incorrect compensations in translation and scale. However, grossly inaccurate registration of orientation is more difficult to compensate for. Psychophysical studies have suggested that large changes in orientation also hamper human recognition [21]. The subsequent example uses an image and a model picture that differ by a 18 rotation in the x Gamma y plane. In this example, initially 29 percent of the model and image contour points were incorrectly matched. The system required 13 refinements before converging to a final solution. On ....

I. Rock. The Logic of Perception. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

....The first is the requirement that the organization be a labeled knot diagram. This can be termed the topological validity requirement. Only planecurves satisfying the labeling scheme define topologically valid anterior scenes. The second source of con straints has been stressed by Irvin Rock[9], and is termed the stimulus conformity requirement. Rock observed that the [perceptual] solution must not contradict the stimulus and must contain everything implied by the stimulus. Regarding illusory contour displays, Rock hypothesized that the depth of visible boundaries must be zero, and ....

....for every visible boundary fragment f 2 E 0 fragments , we require that n f = 0) Also important, if a completion is instantiated, and its boundary depth equals zero (indicating that it should be visible) then the absence of a corresponding luminance boundary should be explainable. In Rock s[9] words the solution must not contradict the stimulus. Following Rock, we hypothesize that illusory contours occur only in those situations where the missing section of surface boundary presumably projects to the image plane with little or no brightness change. A pacman from the Kanizsa ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Rock, I., The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1983.

....We are not concerned here with all of the factors which play a role in determining whether or not a completion will be perceived as modal or amodal. Some of these factors are beyond the scope of the current paper (they concern the topological validity of the surface organization[33] Rock[26] emphasizes one factor, termed stimulus conformity, which is relevant to our current discussion. Rock s notion of stimulus conformity can be used to explain why illusory contours (unlike amodal completions) cannot cross large brightness discontinuities. This is based on the following argument: The ....

Rock, I., The Logic of Perception, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1983.

....expressed in a relative sense. A good example of this kind of expression would be: distance x is much shorter than d const , where d const serves as a reference. The relation much shorter may be regarded as the qualitative value of an Euclidean distance relative to the reference constant. Rock [42](see p. 24) argued that human perception of size was in general characterized in relative terms (by contextual effects) such as relative lengths. More importantly, studies in psychology [2,16,24] have found that humans are proficient in visually judging the equality (or inequality) in the relative ....

Irvin Rock. The Logic of Perception. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983.

No context found.

Rock, I. (1983). The logic of perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

No context found.

I. Rock. The Logic of Perception. MIT Press, 1983.

No context found.

I. Rock (1983), The Logic of Perception, A Bradford Book, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

No context found.

Rock, I. (1983). The Logic of Perception. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

First 50 documents

Online articles have much greater impact   More about CiteSeer.IST   Add search form to your site   Submit documents   Feedback  

CiteSeer.IST - Copyright Penn State and NEC