Richard F. Paige. A meta-method for formal method integration. Foundations of Formal Methods (Proc. 4th Intl. Symposium of Formal Methods Europe, Graz, Austria, September 1997.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the untimed model is used to express the system requirements. A normal form for the timed program is used to obtain an untimed program that can be verified to meet its requirements. The framework makes use of a meta method for formal method integration based on heterogenous notations [11, 12, 13]. The meta method describes an informal approach to integration, via combining notations and relating processes. The use of the method consists in selecting a base methods which is to be complemented by the other methods. The invasive methods are chosen to complement the base method. A ....

....3, we present a heterogeneous notation for the specification of real time systems using Circus. We present the framework and its use in Section 4 and present our conclusions in Section 5. 2 Meta Method for Formal Methods Integration A meta methods for formal methods integration was presented in [12]. The methods was used to integrate a subset of UML with a predicative programming design calculus [13] The metamethod describes an informal approach to intergate, via combining notations and relating processes. The method, as presented by Paige [12, 13, 11] can be summerized in the following ....

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Richard F. Paige. A meta-method for formal method integration. Foundations of Formal Methods (Proc. 4th Intl. Symposium of Formal Methods Europe, Graz, Austria, September 1997.

....not provide the flexibility required in many application domains. 3 A complementary step in this direction is represented by the attempts to define rules for mapping informal specifications notations to formal models. Examples of such approaches are the rule based mapping framework presented in [17] and the recent attempts to formalize UML with rules [10] Rule based approaches solve the flexibility problem, but hardly adapt to continuously evolving notations, and are thus limited to fairly stable notations. Graph grammar based rules for mapping informal specification notations to formal ....

PAIGE, R. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proceedings of FME 1997, vol. 1313 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. SpringerVerlag, September 1997, pp. 473--485. 7

....between the two formalisms is not automatic. Rather, by making the two LOG parts as identical as possible, we aim at facilitating the transition from one tool to the other, once the environments ENV V DM and ENVPV S have been set up. 1. 6 Related Work Interest in merging formal methods is growing [4, 8, 20, 23, 24, 34, 35]. Our work is closely related to [34] which deals with composing partial specifications, that are written in different specification languages. All of the specifications are given semantics are translated in a common style: predicate logic. However, 34] is very general, and gives little guidance ....

....developing a specific multiparadigm technique in which Z is supplemented. The technique is explained in [35] Compared to [34] and [35] this paper focus on the tool aspect. 3rd. Irish Workshop in Formal Methods, 1999 2 On the Integration of Formal Methods: Events and Scenarios in PVS and VDM In [23] a meta method of method integration is presented, considering both formal and semi formal notations. 23] uses Z as a heterogeneous basis . Facilitating the transition of core concepts from one specification language to another is an extension of previous work describing the mapping from one ....

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Paige R.F. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In: Fitzgerald J., Jones C.B., Lucas P. (eds) FME'97: Industrial Applications and Strengthened Foundations of Formal Methods (Proc. 4th Intl. Symposium of Formal Methods Europe, Graz, Austria). Springer-Verlag, 1997, pp 473--? (Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1313)

....and productively used together. Method integration in a software context has seen recent research, on techniques to combine particular sets of methods [12, 13] and on systematic approaches to semiformal method integration [7] An aim of this paper is to use a method for formal method integration [11] to combine a program design calculus and a structured method. We carry out this integration for two reasons: so as to provide a rigorous basis to the informal method; and to make the calculus more useful for large scale software development. We commence with a brief overview of method ....

....rigorous basis to the informal method; and to make the calculus more useful for large scale software development. We commence with a brief overview of method integration and the general approach we take to accomplish it. We then summarize a meta method for formal method integration, discussed in [11]. The approach is applied to combining predicative programming [5] with SA SD [2, 15] Finally, we use the integrated method in an example. Contributions of this paper include: a new, detailed application of the method of [11] combining an informal method and a program design calculus, as well ....

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R.F. Paige, A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration, in: Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997.

....of a single set of notations and processes. Method integration [2] is a technique that can be used to abet multiple method use. Method integration has been studied in the context of combining specific methods [3, 4] and in settings where systematic approaches for integration have been constructed [2, 5, 6, 7]. Our intent with this paper is to follow the latter path and continue the work of [6] where a meta method for formal method integration was first presented. This paper has two main goals. The first is to present an integration involving the program design calculus of predicative programming [8] ....

....used to abet multiple method use. Method integration has been studied in the context of combining specific methods [3, 4] and in settings where systematic approaches for integration have been constructed [2, 5, 6, 7] Our intent with this paper is to follow the latter path and continue the work of [6], where a meta method for formal method integration was first presented. This paper has two main goals. The first is to present an integration involving the program design calculus of predicative programming [8] and a representative objectoriented method that uses a core subset of the Unified ....

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Paige, R. F. (1997) A meta-method for formal method integration. In Proc. FME '97, LNCS 1313. Springer, Berlin.

....intended use of the modeling language. A second implication is that it will be non trivial, because of this dependence, to satisfy all of these goals in one modeling language. From this, we can draw two conclusions. First, it may be very useful to combine or integrate separate modeling languages [22,23] for specific purposes, when it is discovered that one language does not satisfy all of the goals of its users. And, developers should be prepared to select a modeling language based on their reading of its appropriateness for a specific project. An evident condition for achieving any of the ....

....mechanisms in formal modeling languages, as well as limited tool support and an inability to hide details associated with abstractions. Work on the B method, which supports modular specification and powerful tool support, has aimed at addressing this issue. Recent work on method integration [22] and industrial strength tool support [3] has also dealt with this problem. 4.7 Supportability A modeling language is meant to be used, by humans, for writing or drawing models, as noted in Leveson s criteria [15] Very often, this will be done on a whiteboard, or with pencil and paper; thus, ....

Paige, R. A meta-method for formal method integration. Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....showed that specifiers are confused or uncomfortable with using the Z schema calculus. So by transitioning to BON, we could make Z more attractive to some developers. The aim of any method integration is to acquire some of the strengths and eliminate some of the weaknesses of the methods involved [9]. In combining Z with BON, we have removed several of the noted limitations with Z, while acquiring the strengths of a seamless development method. Future work will explore the transition in larger case studies, as well as an implementation of the mapping, based on the suggested algorithm. ....

R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....from two or more distinct languages, combining the syntax and semantics of each in some manner so as to produce a new language. Heterogeneous notations are used to write heterogeneous specifications, which are compositions of partial specifications written in two or more different notations [9]. A specifier might prefer to use a heterogeneous notation rather than extend a notation for a number of reasons: e.g. to keep individual notations simple; or to be able to write specifications in the most suitable specialized language [5, 9, 13] In this paper, we are interested in contrasting ....

.... specifications written in two or more different notations [9] A specifier might prefer to use a heterogeneous notation rather than extend a notation for a number of reasons: e.g. to keep individual notations simple; or to be able to write specifications in the most suitable specialized language [5, 9, 13]. In this paper, we are interested in contrasting the use of an extended Z dialect with the use of a heterogeneous notation composed from Z and predicative notation [6] We do this so as to make a preliminary attempt to determine if there exist situations where heterogeneous notations are useful, ....

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R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. FME '97,LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

.... of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada paige cs.toronto.edu February 7, 1997 Abstract We combine a formal specification technique with an object oriented method using a meta method for formal method integration based on heterogeneous notations [18, 19]. We discuss the integrated method, and then apply it to an example. 1 Introduction It is generally accepted that a single method for software development is insufficient for all situations [11, 5] This is due to the complexity of the problems being solved, the diversity of expertise, and the ....

....abet multiple method use, and solve some of the problems associated with using a single technique. Method integration has been studied in at least two settings: in the context of integrating particular methods [20, 22] and, in a setting where systematic and general purpose approaches are defined [13, 14, 18, 19]. Our intent with this paper is to follow the latter path and continue the work of [19] where a meta method for integration was presented. The focus of this paper is to further demonstrate a general formal method integration technique based on heterogeneous notations [18] by combining a formal ....

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Paige, R.F. (1997) A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration, submitted to Formal Methods Europe 1997. 22

....of formality, the ability to restrict the use of formal techniques e.g. specification and verification to those aspects of the development that require them [22] 2. Gradual introduction capabilities, the ability to introduce formality gradually, over time, into a development setting [17, 22]. 3. Tool support, for both standard software engineering tasks like compilation, debugging, version control, and diagramming, as well as for formal manipulations. 4. Modularity, the ability of the formal method to produce modular designs [14] 5. Seamlessness. The method should apply to the ....

R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. FME'97,LNCS 1313, Springer, 1997.

....the remainder can be found in [Pai99] Other translations can be constructed by composition. In presenting the translations, we assume that all notations use the unprimedprimed convention of Z [Spi89] to distinguish pre and poststate. Different notations, such as CSP and Larch, are considered in [Pa97a, Pa97b]. 2.1. Predicative programming and specification statements Predicative specifications [Heh93] can come in two forms: the first makes no mention of timing or termination; the second explicitly talks about time through use of the time variables t and t 0 . Such variables can provide constraints ....

....transformation technique. We explored how to compose specifications from such methods, and to give the compositions a formal meaning. We also looked at how algorithm refinement can be used in such a setting. Our future work will look at broadening the scope of the approach to further methods (see [Pa97a, Pa97b] for initial work in this direction) and to providing tool support to multiple methods via tool integration. Such extensions, and method integration in general may help to further propagate the use of formal methods into practice. Acknowledgements This work was partially carried out while the ....

R.F. Paige.: A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe `97, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, September 1997.

....some of which may be context dependent. And in this paper, we suggest an initial list of ways in which developers may find methods to be complementary. It is not our goal to address the issue of how to carry out method integration. This has been the topic of research presented elsewhere, e.g. [11,19,22], and we encourage the reader to consult the references for techniques to carry out such tasks. 1.2 Method compatibility Method complementarity is closely related to method compatibility. We suggest that two methods are compatible when the methods can be used together or as replacements. Under ....

Paige, R.F., A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration, in: Proc. Formal Methods Europe `97, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, September 1997.

....showed that specifiers are confused or uncomfortable with using the Z schema calculus. So by transitioning to BON, we could make Z more attractive to some developers. The aim of any method integration is to acquire some of the strengths and eliminate some of the weaknesses of the methods involved [9]. In combining Z with BON, we have removed several of the noted limitations with Z, while acquiring the strengths of a seamless development method. Future work will explore the transition in larger case studies, as well as an implementation of the mapping, based on the suggested algorithm. ....

R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....from two or more distinct languages, combining the syntax and semantics of each in some manner so as to produce a new language. Heterogeneous notations are used to write heterogeneous specifications, which are compositions of partial specifications written in two or more different notations [9]. A specifier might prefer to use a heterogeneous notation rather than extend a notation for a number of reasons: e.g. to keep individual notations simple; or to be able to write specifications in the most suitable specialized language [5, 9, 13] In this paper, we are interested in contrasting ....

.... specifications written in two or more different notations [9] A specifier might prefer to use a heterogeneous notation rather than extend a notation for a number of reasons: e.g. to keep individual notations simple; or to be able to write specifications in the most suitable specialized language [5, 9, 13]. In this paper, we are interested in contrasting the use of an extended Z dialect with the use of a heterogeneous notation composed from Z and predicative notation [6] We do this so as to make a preliminary attempt to determine if there exist situations where heterogeneous notations are useful, ....

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R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. FME '97, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....The heterogeneous basis (including semiformalisms) have not discussed this in detail (mappings between, for example, DFDs and structure charts are possible by transaction flow analysis) The basis can be extended to include new formalisms or semiformalisms by adding translations as needed. See [Paig97] for preliminary extensions, including SADT and CSP. The chapter commenced with a brief discussion on the problems associated with using semiformalisms in our heterogeneous setting. In order to use semiformalisms in composition with formalisms (and other semiformalisms) we require that the ....

R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration, Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....that defines the meaning of the initial specification. We depict the translations in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1, the arrows represent translations that will explicitly be written down; other translations can be constructed by composition. Further notations, e.g. CSP and Larch, are considered in [Pa97a, Pa97b]. The notations in Fig. 1 are all quite similar to begin with. Each makes use of first order logic or Zermelo Frankel set theory for types, and each has a similar model of state transitions. This similarity suggests that we should expect the notations to combine in a straightforward manner, and ....

....w . Notice that Z cannot express infeasible specifications; furthermore, SSToZ is not one to one since both abort and magic map to schemas with false for a property. We use the translations that we have presented here in the transformation rules and examples described later (and in the references [Pa97a, Pa97b]) However, alternative translations could certainly be devised and used to carry out PFMI, if they were determined to be necessary for a specific task. 3.5. Expressiveness We catalogue the differences in notation expressiveness among the formal notations of the heterogeneous basis. For each ....

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R.F. Paige.: A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe `97, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, Graz, Austria, September 1997.

....and productively used together. Method integration in a software context has seen recent research, on techniques to combine particular sets of methods [12, 13] and on systematic approaches to semiformal method integration [7] An aim of this paper is to use a method for formal method integration [11] to combine a program design calculus and a structured method. We carry out this integration for two reasons: so as to provide a rigorous basis to the informal method; and to make the calculus more useful for large scale software development. We commence with a brief overview of method integration ....

....a rigorous basis to the informal method; and to make the calculus more useful for large scale software development. We commence with a brief overview of method integration and the general approach we take to accomplish it. We then summarize a meta method for formal method integration, discussed in [11]. The approach is applied to combining predicative programming [5] with SA SD [2, 15] Finally, we use the integrated method in an example. Contributions of this paper include: a new, detailed application of the method of [11] combining an informal method and a program design calculus, as well as ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

R.F. Paige, A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration, in: Proc. Formal Methods Europe 1997, LNCS 1313 (Springer-Verlag, 1997).

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Paige, R.F. (1997) A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. FME `97, LNCS 1313, SpringerVerlag.

....and refining concurrent, communicating systems. The issue in this paper is in terms of combining Z with predicative notation so that Z can also make use of these notions. 3 Approach to Heterogeneity The approach to formally defining the meaning of heterogeneous notations that we use is from [11, 12]. Translations are defined between formal notations of interest. The translations provide the mechanisms by which a heterogeneous specification can be given a formal semantics using a homogeneous specification, via mapping the original specification into a single notation formulation. A set of ....

....to be used to give a formal semantics to heterogeneous specifications, is called a heterogeneous basis. The small heterogeneous basis that we use in this paper consists of the Z notation and the predicative notation, with translations between them. It is derived from a much larger basis given in [11]. We require only one translation in the basis, a mapping from Z to predicative notation. To translate from a Z schema Op = DeltaS; i : I; o : O j P ] to a predicative specification, we use the translation ZToPP, defined as follows. ZToPP(Op) b = frame w Delta (pre Op ) P) The frame w ....

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R.F. Paige, A meta-method for formal method integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe '97, LNCS 1313, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

....IN USING A META METHOD FOR FORMAL METHOD INTEGRATION Richard F. Paige Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3G4. paige cs.toronto.edu Abstract. We summarize the results of several experiments in applying a metamethod for formal method integration [18, 19]. We provide a small example of using an instance of integrated formal methods, and discuss properties and difficulties associated with applying the meta method to combining and using several formal and semiformal methods. 1 Introduction Method integration involves defining relationships between ....

....1 Introduction Method integration involves defining relationships between different methods so that they may be cooperatively used together. In software engineering, method integration has seen recent research on combining specific methods [15, 25] and on the formulation of systematic techniques [14, 18, 19]. In this paper, we follow the latter theme and describe several case studies in the application (and use of the products) of a metamethod for formal method integration [18, 19] We commence with a very brief overview of method integration and the means we take to accomplishing it. Our lightweight ....

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R.F. Paige. A Meta-Method for Formal Method Integration. In Proc. Formal Methods Europe '97, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

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