Whiten, A. and Ham, R. (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 21, (ed. P. J. B.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....apprennent tout d abord qu il existe plusieurs types ou niveaux d imitation. Une des premi eres d efinitions de l imitation a et e propos ee par Thorndike [34] imiter c est learning to do an act from seeing it done . Par la suite, un tr es grand nombre de d efinitions ont et e propos ees (voir [37] pour une revue) Il est int eressant de noter que l imitation semble etre tr es d ependante de la modalit e sensorielle. Par exemple, l apprentissage par imitation du chant chez les oiseaux ne semble pas mettre en oeuvre ni etre du meme niveau que l apprentissage par imitation de la ....

.... ethologistes pr ef erent parler de transformation de valence ou d emulation [38] Un grand nombre d exp eriences d imitation s expliquent simplement par un m ecanisme consistant a renforcer un stimulus (stimulus enhancement) B apprend de A vers quel objet ou lieu orienter son attention [37]. Avec l aide du stimulus enhancement , un animal B peut rapidement apprendre un comportement similaire a celui de A par essai et erreur et donner l impression d une v eritable imitation [36] La vraie imitation est d efinie par Whiten comme le fait que: B apprend de A certaines parties de la ....

A. Whiten and R. Ham. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. In P.J.B. Slater, Rosenblatt J.S, C. Beer, and M. Milinski, editors, Advances in the study of behavior, pages 239--283, San Diego, CA, 1992. Academic Press.

....environment is crucial. In human and animal societies, one of the most powerful ways of social adaptation is imitation. Infants of several species look up to their parents and other adults for examples of useful behaviours, and quickly gain valuable experience by imitating them [Galef, 1988, Whiten and Ham, 1992] Given the high importance of imitation in natural systems it is not surprising that roboticists have attempted to equip robots with imitative skills [Hayes and Demiris, 1994, Dautenhahn, 1995, Berthouze, Bakker and Kuniyoshi, 1996, Demiris and Hayes, 1996] The work reported so far has been ....

Whiten A. and Ham R., "On the Nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research ", in Advances in the Study of Behaviour, 21, pp. 239-83.

....in its early stages. So far mirror neurons have been observed only for reaching and grasping actions. It remains to be shown that mirror neurons exist for other movements than that of the arms and the hands and that they exist in animals capable of true imitation (which is not the case of monkeys [42, 68]) Note that recent studies in humans measured an increased activity of left Broca s area (area 45) 54] and in the left dorsal premotor area 6 2 , during both observation and execution of hand actions. The discovery of the mirror system in monkeys is very exciting to those who wish to ....

A. Whiten and R. Ham. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behaviour, 21:239--83, 1992.

....e.g. in macaques (see the well known example of the Japanese macaques of Koshima Island whose habit of washing potatoes develop from the obser 4 vation and imitation of the individual finding of one macaque [26] in parrots and mynah birds for reproducing songs [42] and of course in humans (e. g [9, 37, 55]) Similarly, recent work showed that artificial agents can also benefit from mutual interactions [14] e.g. for improving performance in collaborative tasks (e.g. 27, 31] and from interactions with humans, e.g. for learning complex motor skills (e.g. 30, 52] We view learning, communication ....

Whiten A. and Ham R. (1992), `On the Nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research in Advances in the Study of Behaviour,21, p. 239-83.

....sequence is triggered by a user touch on a particular part of the robot body (simple communication mechanism) One of the first definitions of imitation is provided by (Thorndike, 1898) imitation is learning to do an act from seeing it done . After that, a lot of definitions was be done (see (Whiten Ham, 1992) for a review) It is interesting to notice that imitation seems to be very dependant of the sensorial modality. For instance, there is an important contrast between bird vocal imitation and non vocal imitation used to learn object manipulation . Whatever, in all those cases, the subject ....

.... of the model action (Whiten et al. 1996) which explains why ethologists prefer to talk about valence transformation or Emulation (Wood, 1989) Lot of imitation experiments can be simply explained by a stimulus enhancement : B learns from A to what (object or location) to orient behavior (Whiten Ham, 1992). With the help of stimulus enhancement, an animal B might quickly learn behavior similar to A s by trial and error or may even apply matching techniques already in its repertoire to the correct location, quickly solving the problem and giving 16 the impression of imitation (Whiten et al. ....

Whiten, A., & Ham, R. 1992. On the nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research. Pages 239--283 of: Slater, P.J.B., J.S, Rosenblatt, Beer, C., & Milinski, M. (eds), Advances in the study of behavior. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

.... occurs when younger animals observe the behavior of older animals and learn how to perform a novel behavior by watching them, from a number of other mechanisms of social transmission which also lead to behavioral continuity without observational learning (Galef 1988, Visalberghi and Fragazy1990, Whiten and Ham 1992). One such mechanism, local enhancement, occurs when the activity of older animals increases the chance that younger animals will learn the behavior on their own. Imagine a young monkey acquiring its food preferences as it follows its mother around. Even if the young monkey never pays any ....

Whiten, A. and Ham, R. 1992. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: A reappraisal of a century of research. In: Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 21. P. J. B. Slater, J. S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, and M. Milkinski, eds.

....among others. Experiments with rats, pigeons, parrots, octopuses, dolphins, monkeys and chimpanzees have all claimed to have shown the capacity of these animals to imitate. Reviews of the various definitions and of the work in ethological and psychological aspects of social learning include (Whiten and Ham, 1993) and (Galef, 1988) The situation is rather different with human research. Humans are taken by default to be able to imitate and research is more concerned with when, why, and how they imitate. One of the most prominent theories on the development of imitative abilities is Piaget s, who advocated ....

Whiten A. and Ham R. (1993), "On the Nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research", in Advances in the Study of Behaviour, vol. 21.

....to as a case of learned communication. In order 1 I use the term observational learning to refer to learning that involves what others (such as Tomasello, 1990) call true imitation. This means that it is to be contrasted with other forms of social learning such as observational conditioning (Whiten and Ham, 1992). I reserve the use of the term imitation to refer to observational learning in which no additional structure is imposed on the input. 112 to develop normal song, these birds must be exposed to the song of others of their kind. If a bird is raised in isolation, it develops a simpler song ....

Whiten, A. and R. Ham (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In P. Slater, C. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, and M. Milinski (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior, Volume 21, pp. 239--283. New York: Academic Press.

.... the design of social skills, such as imitation and communication, for a robot as a means for interacting with and, in particular, teaching the robot [11, 10, 12] Learning by imitation or observation is thought to play a key role in the development of social skills in primates and humans [15, 17]. Similarly, imitation is an interesting means for guiding the robot attention. It can be used to teach the robot new motor skills by having it observing and then imitating the actions of that of a demonstrator. e.g. in [11, 8] a robot learns to perform context dependent action patterns, by ....

Whiten A. & Ham R., (1992), `On the nature and Evolution of Imitation in the Animal Kingdom: Reappraisal of a Century of Research', in Advances in the Study of Behaviour, 21,pp. 239-83.

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Whiten, A. and Ham, R. (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 21, (ed. P. J. B.

No context found.

A. Whiten & R. Ham. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. In P. J. B. Slater, J. S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, & M. Milinski (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior, 21, Academic Press, pp. 239-283,

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