Damasio, A. Descartes' Error---Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam, New York, 1994.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the output of each releaser must first pass through the affectlye assessment stage in order to influence emotional behavior. Within this assessment stage, each releaser is evaluated in affectlye terms and tagged with affectlye information (inspired by the somatic marker hypothesis proposed in [15]) There are three classes of tags that are used to affectively characterize its perceptual, motivational, and behavioral input. Each tag has an associated intensity that scales its contribution to the overall affectlye state. The arousal tag, A, specifies how energizing this percept is where ....

A. Damasio 1994, Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, NY.

....StartleCam has an advantage over software agents that use a priori belief models of the user preferences [Mae94] althoughagents may someday use these cues to help train their belief models. The startle response has been linked to reactions of sudden fright [LeD94] anticipation of bad results [Dam94], and stressful situations [Hel78] Lev92] that are deviations from homeostasis [LG88] It is also often referred to as the orienting response, because any interruption in attention can generate it, not jut the extreme startle reaction. By saving images when the startle response is detected, the ....

....any interruption in attention can generate it, not jut the extreme startle reaction. By saving images when the startle response is detected, the StartleCam application models the wearer s own capacity for selective memory, according to a theory that memories are formed when survival is threatened [Dam94]. This effect is what is responsible for the the so called flashbulb memory [BK77] where extremely arousing events seem to be highlighted and stored with unusual clarity. StartleCam offers three different modes of operation, direct control, automatic logging, and image series capture. The camera ....

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A. R. Damasio. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, New York, NY, 1994.

....he believes the CSEM s values to be. Each continuously changing CSEM effectively reflects the interaction history between the wolf and some bit of his context, without the need for specific memories of past interactions. Our CSEMs are based on the somatic marker hypothesis presented by Damasio [10], in which he proposes that people attach emotional significance to stimuli that they encounter in their environment, and then re experience that emotion when they encounter those stimuli on future occasions. Other researchers have implemented models of emotional learning or memory, for example ....

Damasio, A.: Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: G.P.Putnam's Sons. (1994)

....be displayed differently. Although personality is not the only determiner of emotions, their intensity, and their manifestation, we will use it as the first step in the creation of consistent individuality. 4. 1 Modeling Emotion Several different emotion models have been applied to virtual beings [15, 19, 25]. The most popular model is the OCC model, named after the authors [28] In this model, emotions are generated through the agent s construal of and reaction to the consequence of events, actions of agents, and aspects of objects. Although many researchers have based their work on this model [18, ....

A. Damasio. Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. G.P. Putnam, 1994.

....(e.g. 9] For a far more comprehensive discussion of emotional models in computational systems, the reader is directed to Rosalind Picard s book, Affective Computing [37] 2.2. 3 Emotional Learning Our emotional memory mechanism is based on the Somatic Marker Hypothesis presented by Damasio [12]. This hypothesis proposes that people (and animals) attach emotional significance to stimuli that they encounter in their environment, and then reexperience that emotion when they encounter those stimuli on future occasions. Various researchers have addressed the significant role that emotions ....

....of B will influence its current emotional state in proportion to its confidence in that model. The formula by Although the social relationship mechanism that we describe treats individuals as emotional significant stimuli, a stimulus does not have to be an individual only a causative entity [12]. Forming emotional memories of other kinds of stimuli (e.g. the presence of two wolves at the same time) could result in other kinds of relationships (e.g. alliance formation) which the emotional memory is applied to the current emotional state is: E# ## # = C E m ) 1 C) E) where ....

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Damasio, A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1994.

....as much as one that ignores the laws of physics. The emergence of A ective Computing as an area of practical scienti c study is very recent [Pic97] although this builds on experimental and theoretical work established over the last 30 years (see e.g. SC81, OCC88] It is argued by Damasio [Dam94] and Picard [Pic97] that a ective state is a key component of the human ability to reason : Evidence like this leads Dr. Damasio to the counter intuitive position that feelings are typically indispensable for rational decisions ; they point us in the proper direction, where dry logic can then ....

....the thinking brain plays an executive role in our emotions except in those moments when emotions surge out of control and the emotional brain runs rampant. Gol96] Support for this hypothesis is given by Damasio s studies on humans whose emotional capacity has been limited due to brain injury [Dam94] The assumptions of this argument have, however, been challenged by Sloman [Slo99] Damasio, Picard and others have misinterpreted the evidence about brain damage in Damasio s book as implying that emotions are essential to intelligence. This is a simple non sequitur. Certain sorts of ....

A.R. Damasio. Descartes' Error : Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, 1994.

.... overwhelmingly supported by several experts, only to find out later that most of these were based on the same questionable information item whereas in retrospect the minority had access to what turned out to be more relevant and true information) New ideas on cognition (for a popular account see[13]) as well as old ideas in semiotics[30] also explain why it is completely natural to assume that an individual is not centrally controlled, but that her biological inference mechanisms are well suited to entertaining a set of probability distributions as her epistemic state. This view is also ....

A. Damasio. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam, 1994.

.... computing is often taken to mean the linking of the agent state to facial and body expressions, vocal intonation, and humorous or quirky animation effects: e.g. see [2, 7 8] However, recent theories identify emotions as vital to the decision making process and to manage competing motivations [14]. According to these theories, integrating emotion models into our agents will yield not only better decision makers, but also more realistic behavior by providing a deep model of utility. These agents will delicately balance, for example, threat elimination versus self preservation, in much the ....

....OCC model indicates what emotions arise when events, actions, or objects in the world are construed, but not what causes those emotions or what actions an agent is likely to take as a result. There is no connection between emotion and world values, even though other theories suggest such a link [14, 16 17]. In contrast, concern or value ontologies are readily available in the open literature (e.g. the ten commandments or the Koran for a moral code, military doctrine for action guidance, etc. and may readily be utilized to implement an agent of a given type in the framework we present here. We ....

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Damasio, A.R., Descartes' Error -- Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, New York: Avon, 1994.

....a large number of cues, cooperating and competing to gain the attention of an individual. Hence, each individual cue plays some role in influencing the outcome, and not one single cue assumes the sole responsibility for outcomes. This view has been shared across a wide number of disciplines, see [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. We believe these ideas provide a powerful clue as to how humanoid interaction should be. Nature also provides to us the knowledge that the inner working mechanisms should function as a whole, not purely as individual components. Our initial aim is to brings forward these views, in producing a ....

....sensory systems tend to be alter based on some selective occasion, depending on the mood of an individual at that particular time. Many other factors also comes into play, a well know phenomenon exhibited by a person, is the decay in response to a continuous stimulus over some duration of time [1, 2, 5]. 4.2 Auditory response Spatial hearing In our examination of auditory processing, we provided the ability for our system to perform left and right spatial discrimination. For instance, auditory servoing can be achieved by moving the head neck in a pan motion, while minimising the volume of ....

A. R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Avon Books, 1994.

....and many issues are thus the same. But there is more. The emphasis on emotional skills in both product and human computer design is growing as well. Product design changes into designing contexts for experience [7] The Media Lab at MIT i s researching affective computing [8] Damasios book [2] has shown that pure logic alone, without emotional value, leaves a person, or a machine for that matter, indecisive. In this paper we argue that emotions and actions are closely intertwined. We use actions as the source of information to get to emotions. Indeed, people should be able to ....

# Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Gosset/Putnam Press.

....9 Integration Putting it together With the attributes we have outlined in Section 1, we arrived to a way in which competition between sensory cues should be used in order to yield a interactive system. This idea has been suggested by a number of interdisciplinary departments in human science [39, 47, 10, 2, 41]. The integration process allows each of the components in the system to run in parallel, concurrently competing or cooperating for the each response, as shown in Figures 3 and 10. Our approach require only two features from the above components: a) b) c) d) 20 10 0 10 20 30 D r e c ....

....particular time. Many other factors also comes into play, a well know phenomenon exhibited by a person, is the decay in response to a continuous stimulus over some duration of time [39, 41] It is believed that emotional factors do come into play, in determining the responses of our daily lives [47, 48]. Therefore, we believe that this parameter will allow us to further explore some of these issues. Spatial hearing Head Tracking Upper Body Motion detection Head Neck Torso Eyes S Left arm Right arm S S a k a k a k a k v k v k v k a k a k a k a k v k S S S Influence from ....

Antonio R. Damasio. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Avon Books, 1994.

....if the emotion is intense. An exception arises in certain neurologically impaired patients, Multi level emotion generation Fast, hard wired fear (LeDoux) Computer s power alarm Robot response to pain Slower, more reasoned emotions Rule based, associative, flexible. e.g. see accounts in (Damasio, 1994), that show minimal signs of such somatic concomitants of emotion. If you show these patients grotesque blood and guts mutilation scenes, which cause most people to have high skin conductivity levels and to have a feeling of horror and revulsion, these patients will report in a cool cognitive way ....

A. R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, New York, NY 1994.

.... rational thinking; much less well known is that neuroscience studies of patients who essentially have their emotions disconnected reveal that those patients have strong impairments in intelligent day to day functioning, suggesting that too little emotion can impair rational thinking and behavior [1]. Apparently, emotion interacts with thinking in ways that are non obvious but important for intelligent functioning. Emotionprocessing brain regions have also been found to perform pattern recognition before the incoming signals arrive at the cortex: a rat can be taught to fear a tone even when ....

A. R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: Gosset/Putnam Press, 1994.

.... generation and evaluation: patients who have damage in their frontal lobes (cortex communication with limbic system is altered) become unable to feel, which results in their complete dysfunctionality in real life settings where they are unable to decide what is the next action they need to perform (Damasio, 1994), whereas normal emotional arousal is intertwined with goal generation and decision making. # Decision making and strategic planning: when time constraints are such that quick action is needed, neurological shortcut pathways for deciding upon the next appropriate action are preferred over more ....

Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Grosset /Putman Book.

....conclusion that such a thought is inadequate. Super cially this seems obvious if we cannot carefully explain how we came to our judgement, how can that judgement be valid However we can begin to question this argument using recent discoveries from neuroscience about the nature of rationality. Damasio (1994) has put forward a theory of the body minded brain the idea that the attempt to ground the mind solely in the brain, with a ective states simply clouding the rational mind, is wrong. Instead the brain uses certain bodily states, so called somatic markers , as repositories for complex sets of ....

Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes' Error : Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (Gosset/Putnam Press).

....by which the symbols appropriately represent the real world. There is now converging interest in embodiment from scholars in philosophy, cognitive science, psychology, linguistics, robotics, and neuroscience (Almssy et al. 1998; Ballard et al. 1997; Brooks 1991; Chiel Beer 1997; Clark 1997; Damasio 1994; Edelman 1987; Fogel 1993; http: www.cogsci.soton.ac.uk bbs Archive bbs.thelen.html (4 of 74) 3 22 2000 10:45:34] Glenberg 1997; Gibson 1969; Harnad 1990; Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987; Lakoff Johnson 1990; Merleau Ponty 1963; Pfeiffer Scheier 1999; Sheets Johnstone, 1990; Talmy 1988; Thelen ....

Damasio, A. R. (1994) Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. Putnam.

.... and judgment (Bower and Cohen 1982, Konev et al. 1987, Forgas 1994 and Forgas 1995) For example, neurological studies by Damasio and others have demonstrated that people who lack the capability of emotional response often make poor decisions that can seriously limit their functioning in society (Damasio 1994). Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences. He described personal intelligence as a specific type of human intelligence that deals with social interaction and emotions (Gardner 1983) Later, Goleman coined the phrase emotional intelligence in recognition of the current view that ....

....given that the agent is in a particular state, which is used to decide what the optimal action is to take. However, since we are trying to simulate a believable agent, we also want to account for other influences on how humans make decisions, such as the effect of moods (Bower and Cohen 1982, and Damasio 1994). We incorporated mood by modifying the expectation values of the next state, s , given that the agent is in state s. Instead of calculating the value of an action by maximizing the expected Q value, we use the mood as a weighting factor to modify the expected probabilities of new states. As ....

A. R. Damasio. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: G.P. Putnam.

....to more extreme stimuli. This response may occur whenever a person is forced to attend to a change in either their external environment, such as a sudden sound or a change in lighting, or their internal environment, such as when formulating mental plans or when having thoughts of expectation[Dam94] Figure 2 1 shows examples of skin conductance readings taken at three locations: taken across the hand, across the arch of the foot and off the second and third toes of the foot. Phasic responses are stimulated by 100 ms white noise bursts, which are recorded by a microphone sensor shown in ....

A. R. Damasio. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, New York, NY, 1994.

....or extra rational (Gilbert, 1997) There is no reason to suppose that rationality is limited to the verbal or discursive as evidenced in the logical mode. In fact, there are arguments to the contrary which claim that emotion is an integral and necessary part of rational decision making (Damasio, 1994, 1999. Of the four open problems Grasso lists (p. 3) there is only one I can respond to directly, and that is to say that emotion, intuition and situation, or, to use my terms, the emotional, the kisceral and the visceral, must be taken into account. This is true if for no other reason than ....

Damasio, Antonio. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. NY: Avon Books.

....for even rational decision making. Such findings have shown that people who, because of certain kinds of brain damage, essentially do not have enough emotions, do not behave more rationally or intelligently, but actually are severely impaired when it comes to ordinary day to day decision making [6]. I should emphasize that although I do not think computers will achieve true intelligence without mimicking almost all the mechanisms of human emotion, I do not think that all computers will need a full set of emotional abilities, just like all animals do not need the same set of emotions humans ....

A. R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: Gosset /Putnam Press, 1994.

....of human emotion for even rational decision making. Such findings have shown that people who essentially do not have enough emotions (because of brain damage) do not behave more rationally or intelligently, but actually are severely impaired when it comes to ordinary day to day decision making [8]. In other words, too little, as well as too much emotion is detrimental to rational functioning. A balance is needed, and this balance has been missing from machines. The importance of this balance in human decision making suggests that the machines that Page says will make decisions will need ....

A. R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York, NY: Gosset/Putnam Press, 1994. 4

....an agent capable of performing tasks that are usually associated with intelligence. However, and surprisingly, recent findings on neuroscience studies have revealed that emotions, in fact, have an important (and probably, essential) role in what respects human reasoning and decision making [3] [7] In particular, the work of the neuroscientist A. Dam asio is specially interesting as he claims, supported on results from field experiments, that a human brain lacking or having a malfunction on the neural sub system responsible for handling emotions cannot efficiently perform ....

....that a human brain lacking or having a malfunction on the neural sub system responsible for handling emotions cannot efficiently perform decision making. For instance, a human being with such handicap cannot efficiently make decisions as simple as the schedule of a future meeting with his doctor [3]. In simple words, Dam asio suggests the existence of two types of emotions: primary, which have to do with the built in human reactions (the ones concerning with the survival of the individual) and secondary, which are related to the emotions that emerge when an individual starts making ....

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Antonio R. Damasio. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Picador, 1994.

.... from, or deliberately in uences emotions and concerns itself with the role of emotion in the interaction between humans and machines, and in machine mediated communication [42] In recent years many studies have pointed to the importance of the emotional content is determining human behaviour [15] [23] The exploitation of a ect in IVAs is thus an important issue in creating rich and realistic virtual environments (VEs) An environment in which emotional factors are ignored or distorted will jar with a human participant s emotional intuitions much as a supposedly realistic environment will ....

....is another side to a ective computing apart from considering the use of emotion as a component of interaction and communication. This is to consider the role which emotions play in reasoning, and to consider the implications that this could have for arti cial intelligence. It is argued by Damasio [15] and Picard [42] that a ective state is a key component of the human ability to reason : Evidence like this leads Dr. Damasio to the counter intuitive position that feelings are typically indispensable for rational decisions ; they point us in the proper direction, where dry logic can then be ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

A.R. Damasio. Descartes' Error : Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Gosset/Putnam Press, 1994.

.... the social and emotional capabilities that people possess, which then led to the rise of what is called the emotional intelligence theory [10] The importance of emotions in the theory of human intelligence has recently been strengthened through neurological evidence presented by Damasio [4]. As a result, many researchers within the agents and AI field have began to develop computational models of emotions. Simulating emotional intelligence in certain types of computer programs is important. Computational models of emotions are very useful to many applications, including personal ....

....be faced with different actions to take with the possibility of different outcomes and different rewards. The formula described above gives the maximum expected reward given that the agent is at a particular state. Emotions and moods have a great impact on human decisions and event evaluation [4, 10]. The mood is thus used in the model to guide the expectation values of the next state, s , given that the agent is in a state s. Instead of calculating the Q value of a state by maximizing the reward, the mood is used as an averaging factor for the new states. As noted in [3] when the agent is ....

Damasio, A. Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1994.

....of 05 3 05 6 45 . Thus, the action, IgnoreBall, is considered more desirable than PlayWithBall. Since we are trying to simulate a believable agent, we looked at how humans make decisions. We found that emotions and moods have a great impact on their decisions (Bower and Cohen 1982, Damasio 1994, Gardner 1983 and Goleman 1995) As noted in (Bower and Cohen 1982) when the agent is in a positive mood it will tend to be more optimistic, so it will naturally expect desirable events to occur. To replicate this phenomenon, we refined the expectation mechanism to reflect the mood. In a ....

Damasio, A. R. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. NY: G.P. Putnam.

....is also used for representing and updating beliefs in certain events, situations or behaviors. 4. 3 Affective tag formation One of the primary roles of the motivation system is to offer a very efficient way of making quick decisions, through a mechanism that was called Somatic Marker by Damasio [5]. Here we introduce a more general concept, Affective Tag, in order to avoid the unproven hypothesis that such a mechanism is always associated with a peripheral state of the body. Affective tag provides bias to action selection in a form of emotional memory. Even when there is no other strong cue ....

Damasio, A. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam Publishing Group, 1994.

....recognized to be an important aspect of the human mind. However, the role that emotions play in our thinking and behaviors has often been misunderstood. Many theories and hypothesis have recently emerged to define and explain the role that emotions play in human intelligence and social abilities [5, 17, 18]. As a result, many researchers within the AI field started developing computational models of emotions. Computational models of emotions are very useful and essential to many applications. For instance, emotions and emotional expressions were identified as necessary substrates for producing ....

....complex process that is not well understood. The complexity of emotions derives from their ability to affect and be affected by many processes within the mind [14] A wide variety of evidences have shown that emotions lead a major role in thinking and recall [4] learning [24, 23] decision making [5], motivation [19] and judgments [14, 15] Thus, in order to simulate a realistic picture of the emotional process, one will have to simulate the links between the emotional process and other processes or states including learning, decision making, motivations, etc. With the exception of a few ....

Damasio, A. Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1994.

....also introduction of additional concepts, taken from the research on multi agent environments and arti cial life. Since Darwins The expression of emotion in man and animals [8] people have been aware of the major role emotions play in behaviour. Particularly since Damasios Descartes error [9] people have been aware of the major role emotions play in decision making. Naturally there has been much modeling of emotions in the multi agent and individual based modeling communities, also much argumentation for the necessity of emotions for believable robots and software agents. Typical ....

Damasio, A. R., Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason and Human Brain, Picador, London, 1994.

.... the question is not whether intelligent machines can have any emotions, but whether machines can be intelligent without any emotions [10] A. Demasio presented some neurological evidence to prove that emotions do in fact play an active and important role in the human decision making process [4]. The interaction between the emotional process and the cognitive process may explain why humans excel at making decisions based on incomplete information acting on our gut feelings. Following this major breakthrough, many terms emerged, including emotional intelligence, social ....

Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994.

....sensory information is used to generate emotions. 1 Introduction Since the time of the Greeks, we have been conditioned to think that emotion is not a part of human intelligence and that it hinders our thoughts. Demasio refuted this claim with neurological evidence taken from several test cases [5]. Elliot, one of the cases under Demasio s supervision, was observed to be stable and intelligent but had lost his emotional power, resulting in his inability to make basic decisions, to follow a schedule, or even to motivate himself to get dressed in the morning. As a result of his research, ....

Antonio R. Damasio. Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1994.

.... previously described in (Ventura Pinto Ferreira 1998a; Ventura, Cust odio, Pinto Ferreira 1998a; Ventura Pinto Ferreira 1998b; Ventura, Cust odio, Pinto Ferreira 1998b) This architecture is based upon the Damasio findings on the neurophysiological foundations of human emotions (Damasio 1994). The underlying model is briefly described in the first two sections. Then, the implementations are presented, along with some experimental results. Introduction According to Damasio (Damasio 1994) some aspects of human intelligence, namely the ability to make appropriate decisions in dynamic, ....

....architecture is based upon the Damasio findings on the neurophysiological foundations of human emotions (Damasio 1994) The underlying model is briefly described in the first two sections. Then, the implementations are presented, along with some experimental results. Introduction According to Damasio (Damasio 1994), some aspects of human intelligence, namely the ability to make appropriate decisions in dynamic, complex, and unpredictable environments, depend on emotions. This paper follows previous theoretical work (Ventura Pinto Ferreira 1998a; Ventura, Cust odio, PintoFerreira 1998a; Ventura ....

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Damasio, A. R. 1994. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. Picador.

....humana: os processos mentais do pensamento s ao guiados pelas emo c oes. Inclusive o pensamento racional requere emo c oes para funcionar apropriadamente. Esta tese prop oe um modelo para um agente cujo funcionamento baseia se em emo c oes. Este modelo e suportado pelo trabalho de Antonio Damasio [18] em p or a descoberto o papel das emo c oes na racionalidade humana. O modelo proposto e baseado numa paradigma de dupla representa c ao: uma representa c ao complexa, n ao tratada, estruturada denominada de imagem cognitiva, e uma representa c ao simples, b asica, built in denominada de imagem ....

....interesting aspects of human intelligence: the mind s thought processes are driven by emotions. Even rational thinking does require emotion to function properly. This thesis proposes a model for an agent whose functioning is based on emotion. This model is supported by the work of Antonio Damasio [18] on unveiling the role of emotion in human rationality. The proposed model is based on a double representation paradigm: a complex, un ltered, structured representation termed cognitive image, and a simple, basic, built in one termed perceptual image. After the discussion of the model, three ....

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