Brooks, F. (1988). Grasping reality through illusion - Interactive graphics serving science. ACM CHI p. 1-11.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....Koved, and Semyon Dukach Veridical User Environments Computer Science Department IBM T. J. Watson Research Center P. O. Box 704 Yorktown Heights, N. Y. 10598 (914)789 7530 Abstract In recent years, a number of research groups have implemented various versions of virtual world concept [2, 4, 6, 7]. A common thread among these virtual worlds is a direct manipulation user interface paradigm based on a glove device with the position and orientation of the hand registered by a tracking device. To explore this paradigm, a new project at IBM Research was started in 1989 to build a virtual ....

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.,"Grasping Reality Through Illusion - Interactive Graphics Serving Science", CHI'88 Proceedings, pages 1-11, ACM, May 1988.

....by future work and conclusions. 2 Related Work Many application independent systems for passively exploring virtual worlds only offer navigation techniques. And most navigation techniques are based on one of the following five metaphors: Scene in Hand , Eyeball , Fly , Drive Ray casting [1, 2, 12, 21]. See also [10] for a detailed survey on navigation techniques. Several extensions of these techniques have also been investigated. ffl The most common extension consists in providing the user with additional views of the scene. These views are usually larger views of the database used both to ....

....of the scene. These views are usually larger views of the database used both to give the user a better understanding of the environment he is moving in, and to help navigation by producing map like information. These extra views can be displayed either on separate viewports, or in the same one [2, 6, 15, 17]. An alternative consists in allowing the user to scale the virtual world down to a miniature, selecting a new viewpoint, and then rescaling the miniature world back up using the newly selected viewpoint [8, 3] ffl A second approach provides the user with objects attached to the viewpoint in ....

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F. P. Brooks. Grasping reality through illusion: Interactive graphics serving science. In Proc. ACM CHI'88 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference, pages 1--11, 1988.

....have more or less confidence in its correctness, adequacy, or generality. As ideas mature, more rigor and detailed analysis is required to advance our knowledge. When describing a result, it is helpful to be explicit about what degree of precision and rigor it purports to achieve. Indeed, Brooks [9] proposes recognizing three kinds of results, with individual criteria for quality: Findings. well established scientific truths judged by truthfulness and rigor . Observations. reports on actual phenomena judged by interestingness . Rules of thumb. generalizations, signed by an author ....

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. Grasping Reality Through Illusion - - Interactive Graphics Serving Science. Proc. ACM SIGCHI Human Factors in Computer Systems Conference, May 1988, pp. 1-11.

....paradigm. The user is literally surrounded by their terminal. Unfortunately, as a workstation, the room gives the user no more spatial data than a terminal. Head mounted display projects have also attempted to give users a sense of immersion, such as the ability to walk through a building [3]. These have been successful at creating spatial immersion, but not at presenting detailed information. These projects employ new display hardware to improve users sense of orientation in information they are working with but have not increased a person s ability to structure and work with ....

Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. Grasping Reality Through Illusion -- Interactive Graphics Serving Science. CHI '88 Proceedings, pages 1-11, ACM, May 1988.

....on the wand itself can be seen through the half silvered mirror and acts as a real world cursor. Despite the corresponding input and output volumes, the semitransparent mirror used in the workspace cannot provide correct occlusion cues. Occlusion is widely regarded as the most important depth cue [19], so despite the corresponding input and output volumes, users sometimes found the workspace difficult to use. Figure 2.8 Schmandt s stereoscopic workspace [142] 2.4.2 Ware s investigations of the bat Ware has investigated interaction techniques for a six degree of freedom magnetic tracker, ....

....some classes of objects, people must mentally envision a rigid body 1. Ivan Sutherland suggested this distinction between understanding 3D and experiencing 3D in the Fall of 1993. Also, Fred Brooks included this idea in his 1988 review paper where he observes that 3D understanding is difficult [19]. Chapter 4: Design Issues in Spatial Input 83 transformation on the object to understand how it will look from different viewpoints; that is, humans must perceive the motion to understand the effect of the transformation. Previous interfaces have demonstrated a number of issues which may ....

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Brooks, Jr., F. P., "Grasping reality through illusion: interactive graphics serving science," ACM CHI'88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1-11.

....techniques has provided an interface for solving a problem for a particular domain, but all of them have remained independent making it impossible to use them across domains. These domains include keyframe based computer graphic animation techniques [8, 11] navigation of virtual environments [1, 2, 9, 12, 13], general 3D interaction [3, 12] automatic presentation [6] in which computers generate a presentation) and synthetic visual narratives [4] in which users author presentations) The CINEMA system described in this paper is a camera protocol that supports camera interface paradigms useful for ....

....the viewpoint changes rapidly. By selecting point of interest, the authors can reorient the camera to present a maximal view of the desired object. The degrees of freedom are therefore restricted and the user can concentrate more on the task of navigating through the environment. Brooks [1, 2] developed several different methods for moving around architectural simulations including steerable treadmills or shopping carts with devices to measure the direction and speed of movement. The above work shows that different interfaces are appropriate for different application requirements. In ....

Brooks, F.P. (1988). Grasping Reality Through Illusion: Interactive Graphics Serving Science. SIGCHI '88 1-11.

....requests than 3D mouse interactions on menus, speech is conversely not so intuitive to be entirely used to have a hand free navigation control in a virtual world It is the reason why it is interesting to study fully head tracking approaches. In fact, except the walking in place metaphor [2, 7], many solutions combined events from head and hand trackers. On the other hand, if this kind of metaphor seems to be an appropriate VIRTUAL REALITY AND PROTOTYPING June 1999, Laval (France) solution for interactive walkthroughs, it has also several limits (small virtual world, virtual scenes ....

....be settled. This limitation is usually overpassed by using other input devices in order to move specific part of interest in front of the user. Those devices can be Joysticks, Data gloves, Eyeball or any devices based on HMD vehicle techniques of DIVE [3] or on different interaction metaphors [8, 2]. In order to be efficient a 3D navigation requires commands with 6 degrees of freedom (6DOF) 3 degrees for movement along X,Y, and Z axes and 3 degrees for rotations around the axes. 6DOF hand devices have been proposed by Ware et al. 8] and their ergonomic efficiency has been studied and ....

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F. P. Brooks, Jr. Grasping Reality Through Illusion : Interactive Graphics Serving Science. In Prooceeding of CHI'88 : Invited keynote address at Conf. on Computers and Human Interaction, pages 1-11, Washington, D.C., May 1988.

....The influential report of the US National Science Foundation on scientific visualization published 1987 [12] stated computational steering to be a valuable tool for scientific discovery. Brooks expressed the need for generalized tools for interactive steering for large computations in 1988 [3]. Over the years, many computational steering applications and systems have been developed. The results can be classified into application specific computational steering systems, domain specific computational steering systems, and more generally applicable computational steering environments. An ....

F.P. Brooks. Grasping reality through illusion -- interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of the CHI '88, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems, pages 1--11. ACM, 1988.

....to provide numeric output, given numeric input. We must be able to argue that the 8 metrics are reasonable, and the ultimate basis is perception. The strongest support would come from a series of comprehensive user studies, a task probably worthy of a PhD by itself. Instead of pursuing findings [Brooks88], I propose to justify my metrics through rules of thumb and observations, generated by small user studies based on a few tasks that users must perform. These tasks should cover a wide spectrum of ranges, scales, speeds, and precision in user motion. The user studies must be designed to compensate ....

Brooks Jr., Frederick P. Grasping Reality Through Illusion -- Interactive Graphics Serving Science. Proceedings of SIGCHI `88 (Washington D.C., 15-19 May 1988) pp. 1-11.

....field problems, although other applications are described as well. Such an environment should address the following issues: 1. Interactivity: Although it is beyond the scope of this thesis to prove, many believe that interactivity plays an important role in the process of understanding [17, 45]. It is through interactivity that cause and effect relationships are revealed and is the most natural mechanism for a scientist to test hypotheses. The environment should be designed for interactivity even for large scale problems. 2. Integration: It should address the needs of the modeling, ....

BROOKS, JR., F. P. "grasping reality through illusion - interactive graphics serving science". In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computers and Human Interaction (May 1988), pp. 1--11.

....Task Level Interfaces. 1. Introduction Manipulating the viewpoint, or a synthetic camera, is fundamental to any interface which must deal with a three dimensional graphical environment, and a number of articles have discussed various aspects of the camera control problem in detail [Brooks86, Brooks88, Chapman92, Ware90] Much of this work, however, has focused on techniques for directly manipulating the camera. In our view, this is the source of much of the difficulty. Direct control of the six degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the camera (or more, if field of view is included) is often ....

....describe techniques for scaling camera motion when moving through virtual spaces, so that, for example, users can always maintain precise control of the camera when approaching objects of interest. Again, it is possible to implement these techniques using our camera modules. Brooks [Brooks86, Brooks88] discusses several methods for using instrumented mechanical devices such as stationary bicycles and treadmills to enable human VE participants to move through virtual worlds using natural body motions and gestures. Work at Chapel Hill, has, of course, focused for some time on the architectural ....

Brooks, F. P., Jr. (May 15-19, 1988). Grasping Reality Through Illusion -- Interactive Graphics Serving Science. Proc. CHI '88.

....displays. Virtual reality techniques have been successfully used to support real time operator performance in a great many physical environments including aircraft piloting (e.g. Furness, 1986) data visualization (e.g. Fisher et al. 1987) and manipulation of scaled physical objects (e.g. Brooks, 1988), as well as telerobotics (e.g. Tachi et al. 1994) Virtual reality techniques can fuse real sensor data into an integrated depiction of the remote environment, and can enhance that depiction to support operator needs. Examples of such techniques include: 1. the ability to arbitrarily establish ....

Brooks, F. (1988). Grasping reality through illusion: interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of SIGCHI-88, May.

.... a display could be realized with an array of real sound sources or loudspeakers [4] Other examples of 3 D localization research include 3 D auditory displays in advanced human machine interfaces such as computer workstations, airport tower control, traffic control, and virtual reality systems [1, 8, 7]. In general, such works involve contexts in which the user s spatial awareness is important, particularly when visual cues are limited or even entirely absent [23] Hence, one of the major purposes of 3 D auditory displays is to convey spatial information via sound, especially when visual ....

F. P. Brooks, "Grasping reality through illusion -- Interactive graphics serving science", Proc. CHI'88, ACM Conf. Hum. Fac. Comp. Sys., Washington, D.C., 1-11.

....abilities. Consequently, following these guidelines in constructing VEs will make them more navigable. The guidelines presented here can be considered design rules of thumb untested generalizations from one domain to another. Brooks notes that VE designers are in need of such rules of thumb [2]. Accordingly, these guidelines can be of use to VE designers who have little research interest in navigation. Specifically, navigational problems can interfere with concurrent tasks that are the topics of research. The VE designer can follow these guidelines to ease navigation and thus allow ....

Brooks, F. P. Jr. Grasping reality through illusion Interactive graphics serving science, in Proceedings of CHI '88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, 1988, 1-11.

....services. In fact, with an appropriate such layer, many of the virtual reality applications developed to date, which have been largely demonstrational, would be constructed simply from their UIDL syntax descriptions, without application code. XII. CONCLUSIONS Following Brooks taxonomy [3], we present observations, rather than more formal findings of our experiences with eye movement based interaction: An eye tracker as an input device is far from perfect, in the sense that a mouse or keyboard is, and that is caused both by the limitations of current equipment and, more ....

F.P. Brooks, "Grasping Reality Through Illusion--Interactive Graphics Serving Science," Proc. ACM CHI'88 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference pp. 1-11, Addison-Wesley/ACM Press (1988).

.... prevalent in the graphics community of it takes as long as it takes to generate the next frame towards a more user friendly philosophy of guaranteeing certain response times [22] 5] heightening the user s perception of reality in dynamic, computer generated scenes by making it act real [4]. Note that while this feature is merely nice for conventional desktop environments, it becomes essential for immersive environments to sustain the illusion of immersion and even avoid motion sickness [8] 16] due to lagging feedback. We imagine our time critical graphics system to also ....

Jr. Frederick P. Brooks. Grasping reality through illusion -- interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of ACM CHI'88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1--11, 1988.

....factors of immersive manipulation tasks, 3D devices, interaction metaphors and techniques, and their design implications remains sparse [2, 4, 5] consequently VE designers have had to rely on their intuition and common sense, rather than on research results. However, as Professor Brooks has noted [6], in watching many awful interfaces being designed . I observed that the uninformed and untested intuition of the designer is almost always wrong. In this paper we present results of a formal experimental study that evaluates three direct manipulation interaction techniques for picking and ....

Brooks, F.P., Grasping reality through illusion - interactive graphics serving science. Proceedings of CHI'88. 1988. ACM. pp. 1-11.

....experiences the guest enters the virtual world by putting on an HMD, which is already displaying the virtual world or has it switched on moments later. An abrupt transition from the real world to the virtual world forces guests to spend time adjusting to the new space. Informal observations (Brooks 1988) by researchers suggest that this time is approximately 30 to 60 seconds, depending on the complexity of the world. We need to develop methods to shorten this time, especially for entertainment applications where the guest s experience is only 4 5 minutes long. 2. Guests do not turn their ....

Brooks Jr., F. P. (1988). Grasping Reality Through Illusion - Interactive Graphics Serving Science. ACM SIGCHI Conference Proceedings, pages 1-11, 1988.

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Brooks, F. (1988). Grasping reality through illusion - Interactive graphics serving science. ACM CHI p. 1-11.

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Brooks Jr., F. P. (1988). Grasping reality through illusion: Interactive graphics serving science. ACM SIGCHI Conference Proceedings, 1--11.

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Brooks, F. P. J. (1988). Grasping reality through illusion - Interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of CHI'88: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.

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J. Brooks, F. P. Grasping reality through illusion- interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of ACM CHI 88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1--11, 1988. Stanislav Stoev et al.

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Jr. Brooks, F. P. Grasping reality through illusion- interactive graphics serving science. In ACM CHI 88, pages 1--11, 1988.

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Jr. Brooks, F. P. Grasping reality through illusion- interactive graphics serving science. In Proceedings of ACM CHI 88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1--11, 1988.

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Brooks, F., Grasping reality through illusion - interactive graphics serving science, Fifth Conference on Computer and Human Interaction, CHI `99 Proceedings, 1988.

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