Balkovich, E., Lerman, S., and Parmelee, R. 'Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience". Communications of the ACM 28, 11 (Nov. 1985).  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   ACM   TOC   Related Articles   Check

....simultaneous need for a window system from two separate groups at MIT. In the summer of 1984, the Argus system [15] at the Laboratory for Computer Science needed a debugging environment for multi process distributed applications, and a window system seemed the only viable solution. Project Athena [4] was faced with dozens, and eventually thousands of workstations with bitmap displays, and needed a window system to make the displays useful. Both groups were starting with the Digital VS100 display [13] and VAX hardware, but it was clear at the outset that other architectures and displays had to ....

Balkovich, E., Lerman, S., and Parmelee, R. 'Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience". Communications of the ACM 28, 11 (Nov. 1985).

....use for student education. A network wide file system is planned. 12 Contact: Edward Balkovich, Digital Equipment Corporation, 200 Forest Street, MR01 1 L26, Box 1001, Marlboro, MA 01752 9101 or Steve Lerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA 02139. References: 65] [66], 67] 68] 2.7 BirliX Main Goal BirliX is an object oriented operating system that supports distributed, reliable, secure and parallel applications by providing suitable services. A major point of the architecture is failure detection and recovery. All levels of transparency are achieved. ....

E. Balkovich, S. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience", Communications of the ACM, 28(11):1214--1224, November 1985.

....in use for student education. A network wide file system is planned. 12 Contact: Edward Balkovich, Digital Equipment Corporation, 200 Forest Street, MR01 1 L26, Box 1001, Marlboro, MA 01752 9101 or Steve Lerman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA 02139. References: [65], 66] 67] 68] 2.7 BirliX Main Goal BirliX is an object oriented operating system that supports distributed, reliable, secure and parallel applications by providing suitable services. A major point of the architecture is failure detection and recovery. All levels of transparency are ....

E. Balkovich, S. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience", IEEE Computer, 18(11):112--125, November 1985.

....of a moderator, or chairman, to ensure that conversations stay on track, perhaps by suggesting that further discussion take place in a different meeting or by creating a new meeting if one with suitable topic does not already exist. 1. 2 The Distributed Services Environment MIT s Project Athena[1][20] is an example of a computer utility based on the distributed services model of computation. Athena has approximately 850 4.3BSD UNIX workstations (of several different hardware types) scattered around campus, in locations ranging from public terminal rooms to private offices to living groups. ....

E. Balkovich, S. R. Lerman, and R. P. Parmelle. Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience. Communications of the ACM, 28(11):1214--1224, November 1985.

....a new user wants to login. But our scrub procedure is not secure, and in any event takes too long. Although still subject to a Trojan horse attack [13] the environment would be somewhat more secure by prohibiting simultaneous use of a workstation by more than one user, as in Project Athena [14]. The guarantees offered by the security object in AFS 3.0 are fatally weakened by the absence of an encrypted verifier in every packet. AFS 3.1, based on an extensively modified version of Rx, obviates the network and oracle attacks. In addition, Transarc identified other security protocol ....

E. Balkovich, S.R. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelle, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM 28(11), pp. 1214-1224 (November, 1985). - 5 - -- --

....at odds with our high performance objectives. Therefore, we have decided to sacrifice upward compatibility. 2. 2 Approach We consider a metasystem to be an combination of two different types of systems, parallel processing systems (PPS) and heterogeneous distributed computing systems (HDCS) [1,2,4 6,12,20,21,24,25,29,31]. Borrowing from the object oriented lexicon, any solution to the metasystems problem will inherit attributes and behaviors from both areas (Figure 2 below) While it is important that we inherit many features from both PPS and HDCS, some features of these systems are at odds with one another. For ....

....Speedup relative to IPC time Speedup relative to SGI time IPC sequential time (seconds) SGI sequential time (seconds) 256, 256) 173 3.87 2.1 672 368 (341, 171) 121 5.53 3.03 672 23 4. 0 Related work Heterogeneous distributed computing systems have been an active area of research for some time [1,2,46, 12,20,21,24,25,29,31]. Our work differs from the work in the HDCS community in our objectives and the trade offs we are willing to make. The primary objectives in much of the HDCS work are interoperability, sharing, and availability. Unlike our work, high performance is not the objective. Applications portability ....

E. Balkovich, S. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Commun. ACM vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1214-1224, November, 1985.

.... output of a one way hash function is small relative to the input; for example, the MD5 hash function s output is 128 bits [77] Host integrity checking is different for the cases of stand alone workstations and networked workstations with access to distributed services such as AFS [91] or Athena [5]. While publicly accessible stand alone workstations have fewer avenues of attack, there are also fewer options for countering attacks. I concurrently examine both cases: Performing the necessary integrity checks with a secure coprocessor can solve the host integrity problem. Because of privacy ....

E. Balkovich, S. R. Lerman, and R. P. Parmelee. Computing in higher education: The Athena experience. Communications of the ACM, 28(11):1214--1224, November 1985.

....II and RT PC) In addition to this environment, Athena has funded over one hundred projects for developing educational software for use in the M.I.T. curriculum. In 1988, Project Athena was extended by M.I.T, Digital, and IBM for three years. An overview of the Project can be found in ref[1]. The Project Athena computing environment is built on a network services model of computation. Virtually every resource used during a login session is supplied by a remote server: software, personal files, mail, message of the day, printing, etc. Athena currently has installed over eight hundred ....

E. Balkovich, S.R. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM 28 (11), pp 1214-1224, ACM (November 1985).

....but it can complement a teacher s activities and in certain areas, particularly where students need to build confidence, it has a unique part to play in education. An outstanding example of using computing in higher education is the Athena project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [Balkovich, Lerman and Parmelee 1985], Murray and Malone 1992] 7.1.6 Presentation Type CAI Lessons A large number of applications have been written in this field. Early on, Apple Macintosh encouraged its educational users to produce lessons written in Hypercard by giving the application away free. Much good software has been ....

Balkovich E., Lerman S., Parmelee R.: "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience"; IEEE Computer, 18, 11 (1985), 112-125.

....model, is to have a network of nodes appear as a coherent system at a certain level of abstraction. Specifically, by trying to enforce a high level uniformity in software while allowing differences in hardware, architectural differences between individual nodes are masked. MIT s Project Athena [11] supports heterogeneous systems at the application level, by trying to standardize the appearance of applications at the interface level. Carnegie Mellon University s Andrew System and its successor Coda File System [35, 37] offer heterogeneity at the resource level by supporting a large shared ....

Edward Balkovich, Steven Lerman, and Richard P. Parmelee. Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience. Communications of the ACM, 28(11):1214--1224, November 1985.

....of the generated code) the file system, and the database systems available. These differences must be masked. 2. 1 Approach We consider a metasystem to be an combination of two different types of systems, parallel processing systems (PPS) and heterogeneous distributed computing systems (HDCS) 1][2][4] 5] 6] 11] 13] 22] 23] 25] 26] 30] 31] 21] Borrowing from the object oriented lexicon, any solution to the metasystems problem will inherit attributes and behaviors from both areas (Figure 2) While it is important that we inherit many features from both PPS and HDCS, some features of these ....

....to IPC time Speedup relative to SGI time SGI sequential time (seconds) IPC sequential time (seconds) 256, 256) 173 3.87 2.1 368 672 (341, 171) 121 5.53 3.03 368 22 ble alternative. 4. 0 Related work Heterogeneous distributed computing systems have been an active area of research for some time [2][4] 5] 6] 13] 22] 23] 25] 26] 30] 31] Our work differs from the work in the HDCS community in our objectives and the trade offs we are willing to make. The primary objectives in much of the HDCS work are interoperability, sharing, and availability. Unlike our work, high performance is not the ....

E. Balkovich, S. Lerman, and R.P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1214-1224, November, 1985.

....be verified to be unaltered since the last system release. 2 There are two main cases to examine. The first is that of stand alone workstations that are not connected to any networks, and the second is that of a networked workstations with access to distributed services such as AFS[53] or Athena[3]. While publicly accessible stand alone workstations have fewer avenues of attack, there are also fewer options for countering attacks as well. We will examine both cases concurrently in the following discussion. One model which solves the host integrity problem is that of using a secure ....

E. Balkovich, S. R. Lerman, and R. P. Parmelee. Computing in higher education: The Athena experience. Communications of the ACM, 28(11):1214--1224, November 1985.

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E. Balkovich, S. R. Lerman, and R. P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM 28(11), pp. 1214-1224, ACM (November, 1985).

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E. Balkovich, S. R. Lerman, and R. P. Parmelee, "Computing in Higher Education: The Athena Experience," Communications of the ACM 28(11), pp. 1214-1224, ACM (November, 1985).

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, pp. 1214-1224, ACM

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