M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... and or software) support access forwarding so that accesses to pages that are not in local memory can be satisfied at remote memory without moving the entire page to local memory (an expensive operation) Most current NORMA machines (e.g. hypercubes) and network shared memory implementations [11, 37, 58] do not support this functionality. 8.3 Basic Problem The basic problem is management of distributed shared memory in architectures conforming to model. For architectures utilizing a single copy of the operating system (NUMA multiprocessors) this includes not only memory shared explicitly, but ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In 11th Symp. on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, 1987.

....access had succeeded. This sequence of events is referred to as a page fault, since it mimics the behavior of a virtual memory operating system at page fault time. In Cricket, which is built on Mach, database routines are supplied to handle page faults, using the Mach concept of an external pager [85]. Since we are concerned with the integrity of the mapped data more than performance, we do not discuss further the variations in page mapping strategy and pointer swizzling implementation between these systems. These systems endeavor to allow the same compiled code to operate on persistent and ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proc. Eleventh Symposium on Operating System Principles., pages 63--76, December 1987.

....system for SUPttENUM and GENESIS, approaches this problem profiting by its constitution of a multitude of system servers. Modern distributed operating systems, matching in their concepts the prob lems of parallel systems too [20] are process structured like e.g. V [3] AMOEBA [11] MACH [24], and CHORUS [17] A process providing dedicated system ser vices forms a system server. Under this aspect system restructuring means the termination and creation of system server objects, concerning software scalability, and the booting and rebootlEg of single nodes, concerning hardware ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, R. Baron "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, Austin, Texas, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 63-76, November, 1987 17

....functions, the abstract PEACE chite , are subject to privileged supervisor mode execution by the underlying processor. All other services are executed in non privileged user mode. This, for example, distinguishes PEACE from most of the state of the art distributed operating systems such as Mach [49] and Chorus [39] whose system managers are subject to supervisor mode execution. In this sense, PEACE follows the pat tern of object oriented operating systems [1] by means of a process structured design approach. 3.2.2 Administrator and Porter There are several reasons for service replication ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, R. Baron, "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", In Proceedigs of the 11th AcH Symposium o Operatig System Priciples, Austin, Texas, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 63 76, November, 1987.

....systems is given. Object oriented mechanisms as well as strategies for dynamic system reconfiguration in PEACE are presented. 2 Microkernel Architectures State othe art operating systems are based on microkernel architectures. One of the most favorite systems representing this category is Mach [28]. A micro kernel architecture is the attempt to decompose an operating system structure with the overall design rule to keep hold on those functions, whose processing on top of the kernel would be critical. The bulk of operating system services is accordingly executed in non privileged user mode. ....

....address spaces is the kernel taught by the roemow matagev, a side independent system team which is loaded on demand. 7 Related Works The PEACE approach goes beyond that what is presently intended by state o the art microkernel designs, it defines a microkernel family. In systems such as Mach [28] and Chorus [22] the microkernel is a fairly complex component, used to support the implementation of operating system services and the processing of distributed applications. As in PEACE, a Chorus operating system is considered as a member of a family of functional units, with a unit being ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, R. Baron, "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", ACM Operatig Systems Review, 21, 5, pp. 63-76, Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, Austin, Texas, 1987 20

.... include PS Algol [5, 4] Napier88 [28] and PJama [6] In the early 80 s, Stonebraker pointed out the poor operating systems support for database management systems requirements [58] Representative projects having taken into account such requirements include the work on Mach s external mapers [64], single address space operating systems such as Angel [46] Opal [21] and Mungi [62] persistent virtual shared memories such as ARIAS [29] and RVM [54] re ective operating systems such as Apertos [63] orthogonal persistent operating systems such as Grasshoper [27] and Charm [37] Projects ....

M. Wayne Young, A. Tevanian, R.F. Tashid, D.B. Golub, J.L. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D.L. Black, and R.V. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Operating System Principles, pages 63-76. ACM, November 1987.

....are still in proces and new versions will be available to all users. Contact: Richard F. Rashid, Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. References: 218] 219] 220] 221] 222] 223] 224] 225] 6] 226] 227] 228] 229] 230] 231] [232] 2.33 Medusa Main Goal Medusa is a distributed operating system designed for the Cm multimicroprocessor. It is an attempt to produce a system that is modular, robust, location transparent, and to take advantage of the parallelism presented in Cm . Advantages Each Cm contains an LSI 11 ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron, "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", In Proc. 11th Symp. on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, 1987.

....obvious that sequence detection can be used for prefetching as well. How to balance the prefetching and caching, though, is a complicated issue that needs further study [7] Recent research projects on application controlled kernels show the potentials of application specific replacement policies [34, 17, 25, 23]. However, most of those studies focus on letting applications inform kernel of their access patterns, instead of having operating systems detect them at run time (as in the SEQ algorithm) Our study shows that in fact, runtime automatic detection by kernel is feasible and can perform quite well. ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987. 30

....to change protection at the granularity of superpages. The protection of 100 contiguous virtual pages is accomplished by changing the protection of just three superpages of 64, 32, and 4 machinesize pages. 6 Related Work Numerous efforts have been made to provide application specific VM. Mach [25] user level pagers allow applications to control how data is transferred between physical memory and backing store. User level pagers were later incoporated by Chorus [1] and Spring [13] Premo pagers [20] and extensible object oriented virtual memory [14] extended Mach pagers by allowing pagers ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In SOSP. ACM, November 1987.

....portable. Some of the examples of systems in this category are PVM [18] Express [5] and Isis [2] In the second category we have distributed programming languages and models such as Argus [8] SR [1] and Conic [9] In the third category we have distributed operating systems like Amoeba [6] Mach [11], Cronus [13] Clouds [12] and V system[4] which are kernel level implementations. Parallel programming environments are implemented at the user level using the standard protocols available for message passing. The foremost attractive feature of such systems is their portability to different ....

M.Young, A.Tevanian, R.Rashid, D.Golub, J.Eppinger, J.Chew, W.Bolosky, D.Black, and R.Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

....memory parallel computers (DMPC) using a Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) seems to be in fashion. However, there is few such system available for DMPCs. Most of the research in this area has been done for a network of workstations such as IVY [18] Clouds [9, 21] Munin [6, 5] Memnet [10] Mach [27] and Chorus [1, 24] These implementations concern only high latency networks and do not allow the comparison of the efficiency of different strategies for parallelizing algorithms. Distributed memory parallel computers with a hypercube or 2D mesh topology have been commonly used for designing and ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Chew, W. Boloski, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, 1987. 28

....were far from ideal for various important classes of applications, such as databases [41] In the wake of these two systems, not much new work on automated, in kernel methods has been done. For example, Windows NT[11] adopts FIFO replacement. Mach[1] introduced the idea of an external pager[45], software outside the operating system kernel proper, yet capable of implementing paging mechanisms. Others have extended the external pager interface to expose the replacement policy as well[29, 39] V [18] implements a segment based scheme in which user level processes control segments. ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

.... a large catalog of value add functionality that has not been widely deployed, in part because of the difficulty of modifying existing systems: load sharing [56] process migration [48, 16] fast communication primitives [6, 49] upcalls [14] distributed shared memory [32] and user level pagers [54]. The goal of this paper is to simplify the process of evolving and extending existing production operating systems. A consequence of accomplishing this would be to enable independent software vendors (ISV s) to develop and deploy innovative operating system features. By contrast with operating ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposiumon OperatingSystems Principles, pages 63-- 76, November 1987.

....of customization and to sim This work was supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under contracts N00014 94 1 0985 and by a NSF National Young Investigator Award. Sandeep Gupta was also supported in part by an ONR Graduate Fellowship. plify kernel, a number of microkernels [1, 11, 25] have put the policy decisions for page replacement in userlevel servers. Unfortunately, many policies in these systems are still hard coded (e.g. the page table structure is fixed) and the page servers are often complex and have superuser privilege, making them hard to modify or replace. Other ....

M. Young, A. Tevenian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. Duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor. In Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--67, Austin, TX, Nov. 1987. 6

....A write fault causes the page to be copied into a new VM (shadow) object (chained to the original object) so that it is not visible to the other mapping; this technique is known as copy on write. The actual implementation of this copy depends on the copy strategy type, symmetric or asymmetric [11]. Copy on write initially results in a VM object being mapped into both the source and copy addresses. As long as the pages backed by the object have not been modified, multiple tasks can reference object. If a page is modified, behavior depends on the object copy strategy type. In the symmetric ....

Young, M. W., et al., "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of Multiprocessor Operating System", Proceedings of the Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp 63-76, November 1987.

....systems to be build. Many academic projects trod this path, e.g. Amoeba [19] Choices [4] Ra [1] V [7] some even moved to commercial use, in particular Chorus [11] L3 [15] and Mach [10] the latter becoming the industrial kernel flagship. Innovations Mach s invention of the external pager [22] was the first conceptual breakthrough towards real kernels. Its basic idea is that the kernel manages physical and virtual memory but forwards page faults to specific user level tasks. These pagers implement the mapping from virtual memory to backing store by writing back and loading page ....

Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In 11th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP), Austin, TE, November 1987. 9

....there to application address space. It may be possible to reduce the number of copies to one. One method would be to allocate kernel buffers directly on the network interface so that the data is copied only once, to the user s address space. Another method, available in the Mach operating system [34], is to map user address space directly to kernel buffers. Both of these optimizations hold out the promise of greater efficiency. Since the the speed of main memory is the bottleneck in current TCP implementations, cutting down the number of copies from network to user will most likely yield good ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. ACM Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1987.

....management policies. The following managers exist in the design: ffl Communications Manager (CM) The CM provides an interface which allows application level communication between threads of control. Communication is based on the port abstraction found in many communicationorientated kernels (Young et al. 1987; Rozier et al. 1988) Communication can occur between local or distributed threads on a distributed machine. ffl Persistent Store Manager (PSM) The PSM implements all the policy relating to the persistent store such as caching and prefetching. In a similar way, policy was implemented in ....

Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., & Baron, R. 1987. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of Mulitprocessor Operating Systems. Pages 63--76 of: Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Syposium of Operating System Principles, vol. 21.

....access to the local part of the store. The rationale is efficiency [1] The store is implemented using a micro kernel technology. Mach 3. 0 from CMU [20] has been chosen, but Chorus would have been as well adapted [17] The corner stone is of the implementation is the Mach memory object abstraction [21]. Today, systems which manipulate persistent data through a single level store [7, 6] support page based locking. The rationale is the little overhead induced by a page based locking. However, locking at a coarser granule than the unit of sharing ( e.g page locking wrt object sharing ) causes ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In In Proc. of the 11th ACM Symp. on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, Austin TX (USA), November 1987. ACM.

.... Factorization of Memory Communication Dualism and other Tales of Overcoming Codependence Keith Loepere i Open Group Research Institute loepere osf.org In their now famous paper on the Duality of Memory and Communication [15], the Mach project introduced the notion that communication (IPC) and virtual memory (VM) can play complementary roles, not only in the organization of distributed and parallel applications, but in the implementation of the operating system kernel itself. This implementation consisted of a ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, Jr., R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black and R. Baron, The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1987.

....REAL PROBLEMS 11 a task terminates itself it would suffice for accounting purposes to look at dead task s resource ledger to find out how much resources were consumed. Let us now look at the remaining problems and how to fix them. 2.2. 2 Untrustworthy Memory In Mach all memory is backed by pagers [34, 35]. Some pagers can be trusted (the default pager, the vnode pager) and some can not (user supplied pagers) An uncooperative pager might not respond to pagein requests at all or might corrupt the data contents among other things. Even memory backed by the unix server itself may be dangerous if ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

....are simplified by user level handling of page faults and efficient modification of TLB or page table entry access bits. As a result, systems must find a way of quickly reflecting page faults back to the user level, so that user level code can make an appropriate management decision [Young et al. 87] This requires both efficient dispatching of the fault within the kernel (i.e. trap handling) and efficient crossing from kernel space to user space and back (i.e. system calls) 3.1 Handling Memory Management Faults Unfortunately, at the same time that operating systems are making more ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63-- 76, November 1987.

....the loop detector in that it tries hard to work well on applications where LRU is appropriate. The Atlas scheme apparently performed poorly for non scientific programs [9] Recent research projects on application controlled kernels show the potential of application specific replacement policies [28, 14, 21, 19]. These studies focus on mechanisms by which applications inform the kernel about what pages would be good candidates for replacements. Our SEQ algorithm is basically the antithesis of such schemes. It will be interesting to see over time which philosophy prevails. Our study shows that run time ....

Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

....of shared variables at runtime. This can provide users a more flexible scheme to classify the access patterns of shared variables and prevent incorrect classifications. The prototype of the DSM system is implemented on PC 486 workstations connected by an Ethernet. We use the external pager of Mach [24, 27] to handle the page faults and memory consistency. We evaluate the performance of the DSM system by following applications: matrix multiplication, two dimensional fast Fourier tansform, and n body problem. From these experiments, we show that the system can exploit the access patterns of shared ....

....virtual memory. For the work in DSM studies, earliest one known is that of Libes [16] who used TCP IP transport protocol for implementing shared variables with some function calls. Such access, however, does not greatly facilitate the merits of DSM, for example, the locality of references. Mach [24, 27] is a multiprocessor operating system being developed at Carnegie Mellon University. The design of virtual memory system separates the machine independent portion from machine dependent one [9, 27] Mach provides the user with ability to create memory objects which can be managed by user defined ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black and R. Baron, The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system, Proc. 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (Nov. 1987) 6376.

....delegatable capabilities which accepts delegate operation and generates new capabilites for delegatees. 5 Related Work Conventional capabilities originated from the early research in operating systems. They were mostly implemented either as passive data strings or kernel entries. In Mach [7] capabilities (called port rights in Mach) are maintained by the kernel. Through those capabilities, messages can be sent to ports in a different domain. However these capabilities can not be shared or copied between domains. Spring [2] also used in kernel data structures to provide protected ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proceeding of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--67, 1987.

....Polling environment objects is another approach for integrating context information into existing software. The goal is to provide an efficient facility in the Unix development environment. The design uses a separate manager process that is capable of asynchronous update along with shared memory [14, 48] to store the dynamic environment. This facility provides low overhead polling since applications only reference memory instead of performing a system call to find out if the environment has changed. This technique is from Lamport [24] and allows concurrent access to data structures without ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, November 1987.

....inconsistent and must be updated. The new value and its timestamp are included in the lock reply message. 3.3 Write trapping in VM DSM Midway s VM DSM implementation is similar to that of many systems using hardware page faults to detect writes to shared memory. VM DSM uses Mach s external pager [Young et al. 87] to receive page fault notifications. The application s shared address space is mapped to allow a Midway runtime thread to service the application s paging requests. Initiallyall shared pages are mapped for read only access and marked as clean. On the first store to each page, a write fault ....

Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., and Baron, R. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

....interprocess communication (IPC) as a transport. The emulation code in each process can also make direct kernel requests (e.g. to allocate scratch memory) The Sprite server manipulates user processes and performs I O by sending requests to the kernel. The server also acts as an external pager [20], so that Sprite file servers can provide backing store for processes. For some code, particularly for device management, the native Sprite routines mapped well to Mach primitives, so they could be replaced by a simple facade. A few routines, such as the process scheduler and the kernel debugger ....

Michael Young et al. "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, November 1987, 63--76.

....passing on a physically shared memory machine) it wouldn t be an interesting category in multiprocessor terms, especially if we are trying to focus on the sharing capabilities of multiprocessors. The next level of classification is based on the memory access classification proposed by Young [210]. He outlines the following three categories of multiprocessors: UMA or Uniform Memory Access multiprocessors with shared memory and nearly uniform memory access times for all data. In the SASM class, this corresponds to the bus based shared memory multiprocessors such as the Sequent Symmetry. In ....

M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

....the current ethernet to the tens of microseconds range of the fiber. Fast communication makes distributed shared memory an appealing complement to message passing. The Mach virtual memory system allows the user to create memory objects that are managed by user defined processes (external pagers) [13]. An external pager is a process responsible for providing data in response to page faults (pagein) and backing storage for page cleaning (page out) requests. This is precisely the function of the in kernel disk pager. The only difference is that the user specified pager task can manage the data ....

....The thread can access the memory normally, and the kernel delegates the paging duties to the userlevel memory manager (external pager) that is responsible for the memory object. This is done via an asynchronous message protocol between the pager and the kernel which is described in more detail in [13]. The external pager interface allows pagers to control the managing of main memory by the kernel, so that main memory effectively acts as a common cache for memory objects. The various operations have the flavor of cache control functions: when a thread first accesses a page it takes a page fault ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Young, M., Tevenian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., Baron, R. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. ACM, November, 1987. 22

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In The Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, November 1987.

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Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., and Baron, R. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 63--76, November 1987.

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Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., and Baron, R. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 63--76, November 1987.

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Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., and Baron, R. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, November 1987.

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP '87), pages 63--76, Austin, Texas, November 1987. 16

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Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Je#rey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Austin, Texas, November 1987.

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M. Young et. al. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th Operating Systems Principles, November, 1987 10

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the im- 102 plementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating System Principles, 1987.

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In 106 pages 63--76, November 1987.

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron, "The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system," Proc. of the ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp. 63-76, Nov. 1987.

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black and R. Baron, `The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system', Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, November 1987, pp 63--76.

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M. Young, A Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger. J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black and R. Baron, `The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system', Proc. 11th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, Austin, Texas, 8--11 November 1987, pp. 63--76.

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Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proc. Eleventh Symposium on Operating System Principles, pages 63--76. ACM, November 1987.

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M. Young, et al. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, pp 63-76, 1987. 115

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, and R. Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating Systems

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Michael Young, Avadis Tevanian, Richard Rashid, David Golub, Jeffrey Eppinger, Jonathan Chew, William Bolosky, David Black, and Robert Baron. The duality of memory and communication in the implementation of a multiprocessor operating system. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on OS Principles, pages 63--76. ACM, 1987.

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron, `The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System', Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Austin, TX, November 1987, pp. 63--76.

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Young, M., Tevanian, A., Rashid, R., Golub, D., Eppinger, J., Chew, J., Bolosky, W., Black, D., and Baron, R., "The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System", Proc. Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, Nov 1987, pp. 63-76. 27

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M. Young, A. Tevanian, R. Rashid, D. Golub, J. Eppinger, J. Chew, W. Bolosky, D. Black, and R. Baron. The Duality of Memory and Communication in the Implementation of a Multiprocessor Operating System. In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pages 63--76, November 1987.

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