D. GOLDBERG and C. RICHARDSON. Touch-Typing with a Stylus. In InterCHI '93 Conference Proceedings, pages 80--87, Amsterdam, 1993.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....is much harder on pen based machines. Traditionally, handwriting recognition techniques and the soft keyboard (virtual keyboard displayed on the tablet of a pen computer) used to be the main techniques for entering characters on pen based computers, although other techniques have also been proposed[4][6] However, using any of these techniques takes much longer to enter text than with a standard keyboard. The situation is worse for East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, etc. These, unlike European languages, have thousands of character faces. Even with a keyboard, it is not easy to ....

Goldberg, D., and Richardson, C. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Proceedings of ACM INTERCHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'93) (April 1993), Addison-Wesley, pp. 80--87.

....on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and or a fee. CHI 2002, April 20 25, 2002, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Copyright 2001 ACM 1 58113 453 3 02 0004. 5.00. Additionally, the work with touchpad based remotecontrollers [8] and various unistroke alphabets [1, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19] is highly relevant to the work at hand. Especially so, when related to the notion of sloppiness space in the design of unistroke character sets as discussed by Goldberg and Richardson [9] We will now discuss in more detail the two areas of research that led us to the present work. Marking ....

....the work with touchpad based remotecontrollers [8] and various unistroke alphabets [1, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19] is highly relevant to the work at hand. Especially so, when related to the notion of sloppiness space in the design of unistroke character sets as discussed by Goldberg and Richardson [9]. We will now discuss in more detail the two areas of research that led us to the present work. Marking Menus Pie menus are menus that are drawn by dividing a circle into sectors. Selections are accomplished by starting from the center and moving the pointer over the desired slice and clicking ....

Goldberg, D., and Richardson, K. Touch-typing With a Stylus. Proc. of the CHI 93, 80-87. ACM, 1993.

....EdgeWrite and Graffiti is the reduction of modes in EdgeWrite. In particular, EdgeWrite This paper treats Graffiti [6] as a canonical example of a stylus based unistroke text entry method because of its familiarity. Most of our comments about Graffiti can also be fairly applied to Unistrokes [5] and Jot [8] uses no shift, caps lock, or extended shift modes. The only mode in EdgeWrite is a punctuation mode. An important question is whether the EdgeWrite character forms are easy to guess, learn, and make. Prior research shows that Graffiti characters have these properties for ....

....the gestural text entry techniques, which have a history dating back to as early as 1957 [2] Unistroke methods, for example, separate characters during text entry by pen down pen up sequences. The term unistroke originated from the alphabet by the same name Unistrokes developed at Xerox PARC [5]. However, Unistrokes did not resemble real letters, and for this reason were difficult to learn and memorize [14] Graffiti carried unistrokes to the masses by making the character forms similar to handwritten forms that proved much easier to learn and memorize [15] A later unistroke research ....

Goldberg, D., Richardson, C. Touch typing with a stylus. Proc. 1NTERCHI '93. pp.80-87.

....and workload estimates are also compared. 2. RELATED WORK HCI research into mobile text entry has focussed on two different input technologies. First, there have been several developments based on stylus and gesture based input schemes. Examples include the Unistrokes gestural alphabet [2] and Dasher [9] which predicts probable characters and words while allowing gesture based selection from alternatives. The main disadvantages of gesture based schemes are the high training demands and the need for sensing displays seldom found on mobile phones. There has also been extensive ....

....as stylus driven input. Several previous evaluations have shown that miniaturised QWERTY keyboards, such as those provided by the Nokia Communicator 9210i , can allow much faster text input than the standard ISO keypad layout [7] Similarly, gesture based input mechanisms such as Unistrokes [2] and Dasher [9] have been shown to allow relatively high input speeds with practice. Despite these opportunities, most mobile phones currently support the standard ISOformat keypad, with device cost presumably playing a major role in customers selection. Fastap offers increased performance over ....

D. Goldberg and C. Richardson, "Touch-Typing With a Stylus," Proc. INTERCHI'93, Amsterdam, 1993.

....letter by letter entry versus entry of entire phrases via one tilt Can we teach users to tilt to write without causing too much wrist strain These questions guide our future work. 6 Related Work There are a number of stylus based methods for text entry on handheld computers, such as Unistrokes [13] and Quikwriting [7] All of these techniques require that one hand holds the device and the other hand holds the stylus. They also require ample screen space. Writing methods that could be implemented via tilt based gestures include Dasher [14] and MDITIM [15] Both of these methods seem quite ....

David Goldberg and C Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Proceedings of ACM INTERCHI '93, 1993.

....systems. Desktop interfaces include the Opera web browser , the Alias Wavefront graphics package T3 [10] and Sensiva which adds gestural commands to many commercial desktop environments. Gestural systems on mobile devices www.opera.com www.sensiva.com include the Unistrokes [6] and Graffiti [1] text entry systems. In order to distinguish between different gestural commands and between other mouse driven actions, gesture recognition software must set constraints on the timing, direction, and magnitude of gestures. Users must then learn to generate gestures within these ....

....of menu items through gestures that consist of a series of linear edges. Sophisticated recognition software can distinguish between large numbers of differently shaped gestures. The Unistrokes gestural alphabet, for instance, allows users to express all letters in the Roman alphabet with gestures [6]. Several other character sets have been implemented using similar gesture techniques, for example, T CUBE [14] and Graffiti [1] Beyond text input, non linear gestural input has been used for a wide range of application areas including air traffic control [3] The GRANDMA toolkit allows gesture ....

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Goldberg, D. and Richardson, C. Touch-Typing with a Stylus. In Proceedings of INTERCHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1993. 80--87.

....a data presentation tool which shows data stored in a hierarchical structure. At each node some combination of images, text, video or animated graphics is displayed on the projection wall. Stroke based gestures are used to navigate the data hierarchy. We make use of the existing Unistroke toolkit [7]. The output stroke positions of our tracking system pass first through the gesture recognition module, and recognized strokes are added as a symbolic event onto the application queue. Unrecognized strokes pass through to be used for direct manipulation. Jigsaw Puzzle A simulated jigsaw puzzle ....

Goldberg, D. and Richardson, C. Touch-typing with a stylus. Proceedings of INTERCHI '93. p. 80-7, 1993.

.... ink based user interface uses a focus plus context [5] view that attempts to overcome problems associated with the small size of PDAs (see Figure 2a) This allows users to take notes quickly using their own handwriting without relying on error prone handwriting recognizers or unfamiliar shorthands [6,13]. The drive to create NotePals came from the realization that people often leave meetings without a shared understanding or a record of the important points that occurred. Assigning a scribe to record the minutes is one solution, but it is onerous and sometimes produces a biased record. Using ....

David Goldberg and Cate Richardson. "Touch-Typing with a Stylus." Proceedings of ACM INTERCHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 80-87. 1993.

.... by taking advantage of the character recognition systems developed in document analysis [6,7,12] For example, unistroke isolated character recognition systems are successfully used in personal digital assistants in which people feel easier to write rather than type on a small size keyboard [8,9]. In addition, human like capabilities such as perception would be a good feature of systems targeted for man machine interaction, a specific gesture or a sign of a hand can be used as a key to a database system. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for recognizing the characters ....

D. Goldberg and C. Richardson, Touch-typing with a stylus, Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp.80-87, New York, 1993.

....Interaction designs for small pen based devices have explored a number of ways to replace conventional keyboards and pointing devices. In addition to conventional GUIs, they have incorporated radial menus [18] marking menus [14] handwriting and gesture recognition [3] and character entry pads [8, 26, 17, 29]. Pen interaction for large displays has primarily been developed for whiteboard systems, and has focused on the use of gestures as part of stroke interpretation. Three aspects of command interaction need to be provided: command activation, item manipulation, and the entry of text and parameters. ....

....non meta strokes interact directly with the contents, and all meta strokes initiate a FlowMenu) Text and Parameter entry: Small screen pen based systems have devoted a good deal of effort to text entry. Techniques include virtual keyboards, handwriting recognition, special character recognition [8, 26], and continuous radial selection [17, 29] Commercial whiteboard systems provide virtual keyboards and some form of handwriting recognition. In order to introduce the mix of media for wall interaction, we needed to provide for pen based character input. We initially provided only the character ....

Goldberg, D., and Richardson, C. Touch-Typing with a Stylus. In Proc. CHI'93, pp. 80-87.

....tool to visualize data stored in a hierarchical structure. At each node some combination of images, text, video or animated graphics is displayed on the projection wall. Stroke based gestures are used to navigate the data hierarchy. An existing toolkit, Unistroke, is used to interpret strokes [7]. The output stroke positions of our tracking system pass first through the gesture recognition module, and recognized strokes are added as a symbolic event onto the application queue. Our architecture provides an input device that scales with the associated tiled display. Our original ....

Goldberg, D. and Richardson, C. Touch-typing with a stylus. Proceedings of INTERCHI '93. p. 80-7, 1993.

.... ink based user interface uses a zoomed view that attempts to overcome problems associated with the small size of PDAs (see Figure 1a) This allows users to focus on taking notes quickly using their own handwriting without relying on error prone handwriting recognizers or unfamiliar shorthands [1], such as Graffiti. The drive to create NotePals came from the concern that people often leave meetings without a shared understanding of the important points that occurred. Assigning a scribe to record minutes is one solution, but it is onerous and can produce a biased record. Using ....

D. Goldberg and C. Richardson, "Touch-typing With a Stylus," in Proceedings of InterCHI `93, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1993.

....like a crude quantisation, it is very effective because it gives a very large tolerance for recognising gestures, and users only have four possible directions to remember instead of eight. Similar observations on the importance of maximising sloppiness space are made by Goldberg and Richardson [6] in the design of Unistrokes . The other attribute that caused difficulty in Presto1 was the distinction according to the speed of the stroke; a normal stroke from a proficient user might be mistaken for a fast one, and all users found fast strokes harder to draw accurately. These problems were ....

.... [4] delete Apple Newton [16] delete GEdit [12] delete Gesture Mosaic [1] delete GO Penpoint [17] delete or Graffiti [9] delete backspace Network design system [15] delete Schoolchildren system [10] delete dot on object Text entry system [5] delete click pen button and rub off Unistrokes [6] backspace Windows for Pen Computing [19] delete delete word Table 3. Gestures used for deletion in other systems System Gesture Air traffic control system [4] Network design system [15] Windows for Pen Computing [19] Table 4. Gestures used for undo in other systems Figure 2. Using ....

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D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Human Factors in Computing Systems: "Bridges Between Worlds" CHI '93 Conference Proceedings, pages 80--87, New York, 1993. ACM.

....are arranged in a target configuration (one in the center with the other eight around it) The items of the menus are the individual characters. Another way to make text entry better is to improve recognition by using an alphabet that is easier for computer to understand. This has been done by [Gold93] and [Lee94] to give much greater recognition accuracy. Gestures are used in a very unusual manner in [Baun94] to edit free hand drawings. The metaphor in this system is based on how artists clean up drawings. That is, the user sketches close to the curve to be changed and the curve moves toward ....

David Goldberg and Cate Richardson. Touch-Typing With a Stylus. In Stacey Ashlund, Kevin Mullet, Austin Henderson, Erik Hollnagel, and Ted White, editors, Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI '93, pages 95--100. ACM SIGCHI, Addison Wesley, Apr 1993.

....alphabet thus enabling sounder argumentation on the properties of different writing methods. Keywords Modeling of motor performance, handwriting, pen input INTRODUCTION Unistrokes were introduced as a text input method for penbased user interfaces by Goldberg and Richardson in their 1993 paper [8]. Unistrokes are an alternative character set for the Roman alphabet. Each character is written with a single stroke. This solves the character level segmentation problem that previously plagued handwriting recognition. The curve drawn between pen down and pen up events can be recognized in ....

....model. Secondly, the predictions must be stable, that is, the model must produce the same results for the same character set when different people use it. For the evaluation we use the following writing samples: 1. Goldberg s and Richardson s account on one Unistroke writer writing English text [8]. 2. Twelve people using Roman hand printing, Graffiti, Unistrokes and MDITIM to write approximately ten repetitions of each character. The Goldberg and Richardson Unistroke data and the samples on Roman hand printing can be considered to represent skilled performance. In the remaining samples ....

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Goldberg, D., and Richardson, C., Touch-typing with a stylus. Proc. of INTERCHI93, ACM Press, 1993, 80-87.

....even as a single continuous gesture if desired. KEYWORDS: Pen based computers, text entry INTRODUCTION A number of authors have developed writing methods for stylus based computers. These include Graffiti [1] which is each based on a simplified version of the Roman alphabet, unistrokes [2] which is much more loosely based on the Roman alphabet, and the T Cube [4] which allows the user to encode each character as a short flicking gesture in one of 8 possible directions, from one of 9 locations. All of these methods require their user to make a distinct gesture for each character, ....

Goldberg, D., Richardson, C. Touch-typing with a stylus. Proceedings of the INTERCHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in ComputingSystems, (New York, 1993), ACM, pp. 80--87.

....for humans to see with the required precision. The data in the codes may also be compressed and it may contain error correction information which further confuses human readers. 28 3.3 Unistrokes One way to overcome some of the limitations of the Latin alphabet is to design a new alphabet. Goldberg and Richardson [1993] point to the direction of shorthand systems for valuable information in designing a new text input alphabet. The lesson learned is that for a trained writer one stroke, even a complex one, is faster than several simpler ones. For one character per stroke system a touch sensitive writing tablet ....

....we should use the simplest strokes that are recognizable by our recognition algorithm. T Cube has the simplest strokes and longest learning time for eyes free operation, Grati is slow to use, but very fast to learn [MacKenzie and Zhang, 1997] Unistrokes are somewhere in between. Unistroke Goldberg and Richardson [1993] claim that traditional handwriting recognition is like hunt and peck typing and propose that a touch typing like alternative should be available for expert users. Their candidate for this touch typing method is the Unistroke alphabet shown in gure 3.8. As seen in gure 3.8 the more common ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

David Goldberg and Cate Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Conference proceedings on Human factors in computing systems, pages 80 - 87. ACM, 1993.

....it is small and simple, and could be used on personal data assistants and by motion impaired computer users. KEYWORDS: Adaptive, Text, Entry, Language, Modelling 1 INTRODUCTION A conventional Scholes (QWERTY) keyboard is often inconvenient. The interaction device may be too small or too big [8], or may have to be operated with one hand because it is wrist mounted or hand held [17] There are many competing methods of text entry for handheld devices, but none is clearly superior. This is largely because text entry systems involve two significant tradeoffs: between potential efficiency ....

....Windows CE (also available on the Pilot) improve efficiency while maintaining some resemblance to alphabetic shapes to assist learning. Researchers have also proposed more efficient alphabets such as Unistrokes, which maps simple gestures to common characters regardless of mnemonic similarity [8]. The inventors of Unistrokes estimate a rate of 40.8 words per minute, without any empirical testing [8] 2.3 Dynamic Selection These techniques share characteristics of miniature keyboards and gestural alphabets. The user moves the pen in the direction of a selection region, which either ....

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D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., pages 168--176. ACM, New York, 1993.

....it is small and simple, and could be used on personal data assistants and by handicapped computer users. KEYWORDS: Adaptive, Text, Entry, Language, Modelling 1 INTRODUCTION A conventional Scholes (qwerty) keyboard is often inconvenient; the interaction device may be too small or too big [8], or may have to be operated with one hand because it is wristmounted or hand held [17] There are many competing methods of text entry for handheld devices, but none is clearly superior. This is largely because text entry systems involve two significant tradeoffs: between potential efficiency ....

....Pilot, and Jot for Windows CE (also available on the Pilot) improve efficiency while maintaining some resemblance to alphabetic shapes. Researchers have also proposed more efficient alphabets such as Unistrokes, which maps simple gestures to common characters regardless of mnemonic similarity [8]. The inventors of Unistrokes estimate a rate of 40.8 words per minute, without any empirical testing [8] 2.3 Dynamic Selection These techniques share characteristics of miniature keyboards and gestural alphabets. The user moves the pen in the direction of a selection region, which either ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., pages 168--176. ACM, New York, 1993.

....as on the desktop for these mobile devices. However, natural cursive handwriting is slow and requires a relatively large writing surface, limiting the form factor of these devices. Alternative, faster handwriting schemes that used little screen real estate, such as Xerox PARC s Unistroke TM [81] system, were perceived as too complex or too limiting for the casual user to learn. However, by 1998 the Palm Pilot TM pen computer, with its custom operating system and the Grafitti TM lettering method, refuted these preconceptions by becoming the first pen computer to sell the 2 million ....

D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In INTERCHI. ACM Press, April 1993.

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D. GOLDBERG and C. RICHARDSON. Touch-Typing with a Stylus. In InterCHI '93 Conference Proceedings, pages 80--87, Amsterdam, 1993.

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D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-Typing with a Stylus. In InterCHI '93 Conference Proceedings, pages 80--87. Amsterdam, 1993.

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D. Goldberg and C. Richardson. Touch-typing with a stylus. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI '93), pages 80-87. ACM Press, 1993.

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Goldberg, D., Richardson, C. Touch typing with a stylus. Proc. INTERCHI '93, 1993, 80-87.

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Goldberg, D., & Richardson, C. (1993). Touchtyping with a stylus. Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 80-87. New York: ACM.

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