L. W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report UCB/ERL M75/520, Electronics Research Lab, University of California at Berkeley, 1975.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....come from many different disciplines such as process, electrical, aerospace and mechanical engineering. Special purpose modelling and simulation tools are used by engineers in these fields. For example, DIVA [50] and SpeedUp [78] are used for simulation of chemical reaction dynamics, SPICE [74] for simulation of analog electronic circuitry and PSS E, for power system simulation. It is impossible for a control engineer to use these special purpose tools to model different parts of a complex system and then to merge the parts to make a model of the total system. Firstly, the tools are ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....already noted, Dymola can easily model components from other engineering domains in conjunction with the multibody components by invoking them from other already available class libraries. For example, a sophisticated library for electronic components corresponding to the SPICE electronics program [23] (diodes, Zener diodes, tunnel diodes, BJTs, etc. is being developed at the University of Arizona [14] In contrast to other multibody programs, Dymola supports multidisciplinary modeling within one environment the multibody part being just one model component among other equally important ....

Nagel, L.W., SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits, Berkeley, University of California, Electronic Research Laboratory, ERL -- M 520, 1975.

....intentions when abstracting system properties. Continuous time models, such as ordinary differential equations and differential algebraic equations, have been used for modeling mechanical dynamics, analog circuits, chemical processes, and many other physical systems. Design tools such as Spice [43], Saber [4] and early versions of Simulink [49] are based on these models. Discrete event models have a global notion of time and time stamped events. They are suitable for modeling timing properties in digital circuits, network traffic, and queuing systems. Languages and tools like VHDL [44] ....

W. Nagel. Spice 2---a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memo M520, UCB/ERL, EECS UC Berkeley, CA 94720, 1975.

....problems arise when VLSI designers use methods such as precharged logic, single phase clocking, and sense amp based techniques that depend on the analog properties of the circuits to obtain better performance. In current practice, design validation relies heavily on simulation tools such as SPICE [Nag75]. However, even the best model is only approximate, and each simulation run can only consider a particular set of functions as inputs to the circuit and a particular set of values for model parameters. To obtain a reasonable level of confidence in a design, a large number simulations must be run. ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....of a self timed ring. Irequire a model that captures the non linear timing dependencies of real circuits while abstracting away most of the details of a low level circuit model. ODEs Non linear ordinary di#erential equations (ODEs) form the basis of circuit models in simulators such as SP CE [Nag75] Numerical integration of the ODEs in a model yields a prediction of the circuit s behaviour. Pros: Accuracy. ODE modeling correctly predicts burst behaviour. Cons: Lack of abstraction. ODE modeling is extremely detailed: even the models for small rings have dozens to hundreds of ....

L.W . Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....model of circuit behavior is required. Here, we use models based on ordinary differential equations. These models have the advantage that they correspond to the best available physical models of the devices; they are the models in widespread use in circuit simulation programs such as SPICE [Nag75]; and they are amenable to analysis by methods from dynamical systems theory. In a very simple model, a transistor has three terminals: the source, the drain, and the gate. The source and drain are symmetric, the use of two different names is primarily historical. The current flowing from the ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERLM520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....In the remainder of this paper, we present methods for analyzing the timing modes of self timed rings. 3 Models As with many hybrid systems, the key to understanding the timing properties of self timed rings lies in nding an appropriate model for the ring. Circuit simulators such as SPICE [Nag75] use non linear ordinary di erential equations (ODEs) to model the circuit, and numerically integrate these equations to predict the circuit s behaviour. These ODE models can be quite accurate, and they correctly predict the burst behaviour that is observed by laboratory measurements. However, ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....intentions when abstracting system properties. Continuous time models, such as ordinary differential equations and differential algebraic equations, have been used for modeling mechanical dynamics, analog circuits, chemical processes, and many other physical systems. Design tools such as Spice [40], Saber (by Analogy Inc. and early versions of Simulink (by The MathWorks) are based on these models. Discrete event models have a global notion of time and timestamped events. They are suitable for modeling timing properties in digital circuits, network traffic, and queuing systems. Languages ....

W. Nagel. Spice 2---a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memo M520, UCB/ERL, EECS UC Berkeley, CA 94720, 1975.

....on the firstpage. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and or a fee. DAC 2002, June 10 14, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Copyright 2002 (1 58113 461 4) ACM 1 58113 297 2 01 0006 . 5.00. engine such as SPICE [11] can not fulfill the demanding task in a timely manner. For this reason, hierarchical simulation algorithms have been proposed by David, Sachin, et al. [8] Model order reduction techniques have also been extensively studied in the literature [6] Starting from AWE (Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation) ....

Nagel, L.S., SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memo ERL-M520, University of CAliforniaa, Berkeley, 1975.

....and inductor currents; G is the conductance matrix; C includes the capacitance and inductance terms, and u denotes the time varying sources modeling the sources and drains. 2 Analysis of Power Grids Due to the large size of typical power grids, general circuit simulators such as Spice [5] are not adequate for power grid analysis because of CPU time and memory limitation. The inefficiency of standard simulators [2, 6] comes about because (a) they require a lumped element approximation of the circuit which requires the translation of a regular geometrical structure to an expansive ....

....in each of the x and y directions, connected to a single voltage source at one of the corners, and loaded with 100 time dependent current sources at random locations. The resulting electrical model has 1089 nodes and a total of 1090 equations. We perform the simulation for 100 time steps. Spice [5] takes 13.3 sec. of CPU time, whereas our simulator implementing the method above takes 0.73 sec. for a net speedup of about 18x. Due to the superlinear dependence of solve time on matrix size, the speedup will be even more dramatic for the much larger systems normally encountered when simulating ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....Copyright 2002 ACM 1 58113 461 4 02 0006 . 5.00. verification tools must necessarily deal with the small frequencies together with the large ones. As is well known, simulating circuits with disparate frequencies using time stepping methods, such as those used for transient simulation in SPICE [5, 8] and similar tools, can be very inefficient, particularly when the time varying steady state solution is desired. Better methods exist for both widely separated and closely spaced driving tones. An important technique that is useful for both situations is harmonic balance (HB) e.g. 2 4] HB ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. PhD thesis, EECS Dept., Univ. Calif. Berkeley, Elec. Res. Lab., 1975. Memorandum no. ERL-M520.

....in such a way that different subsystems can be processed in parallel and the solution at different timepoints of the same subsystem can also be computed in parallel. I. INTRODUCTION HE IMPLICIT multistep integration algorithms used in general purpose circuit simulation programs, like SP1CE2 [1] and ASTAP [2] have proven to be reliable but are computationally expensive when applied to large systems. This is because each step of the numerical integration requires the implicit solution of a large nonlinear algebraic system. If the circuit simulation program is intended for the simulation ....

....would rarely be true for WN. To demonstrate this difficulty with WN, consider the problem illustrated in Fig. 1, a simple resistor diode circuit with a grounded capacitor. Fig. 2 shows the waveform iterations obtained using WN to solve the circuit, given an initial guess of v(t) 0 for all te [0, 1 ]. Note that the first computed waveform v (t) is quite far from the correct solution, and subsequent iterations move very slowly back to the correct solution. This slow convergence is common when applying Newton methods to exponential nonlinearities, given a poor initial guess. In this case, over ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

L. W. Nagel. -SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits." Electron. Res. Lab. Rep. No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....general approaches to circuit simulation: analytical and functional. Ana lytical simulators, such as SPICE, use detailed, non linear models of circuit components drawn from fundamental physical principles, and solve the resulting set of ordinary differential equations using sparse matrix methods [12]. Because of this level of detail, analytical simulators tend to be computationally expensive, and so are limited in prac tice to the simulation of relatively small circuits (a few tens or hundreds of transistors) More recently, a number of algorithms have been developed to substantially improve ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, University of California at Berkeley ERL/M520 , 1975.

....mathematically as follows where t is the time in nanoseconds and I is the current in milliamps: I = 410 t 0 0.2510 9 410 t 210 3 0.2510 9 0.510 9 B. Analysis of Power Grids Due to the large size of typical power grids, general circuit simulators such as Spice [8] are not adequate for power grid analysis because of CPU time and memory limitation. The ine#ciency of standard simulators comes about because (a) they require a lumped element approximation of the circuit which requires the translation of a regular geometrical structure to an expansive set of ....

....source at one of the corners, and loaded with 100 time varying current sources at random locations. The resulting electrical model has 1089 nodes and a total of 1090 equations. We perform the simulation for 100 time steps. Both, Spice and our simulator, produce the same results. However, Spice [8] takes 13.3 sec. of CPU time, whereas our simulator implementing the method above takes 0.73 sec. for a net speedup of about 18x. Due to the superlinear dependence of solve time on matrix size, the speedup will be even more dramatic for the much larger systems normally encountered when simulating ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report UCB/ERL M75/520, Electronics Research Lab, University of California at Berkeley, 1975.

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L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memorandum No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

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Nagel, L. W., SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Elec. Eng., 1975.

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Laurence W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975.

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L.W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. U.C. Berkely, ERL Memo ERL-M520, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Elec. Eng. (1975).

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L. Nagel and R. Rohrer. Spice2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memorandum ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

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Nagel L.W.: SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Berkeley, University of California, Electronic Research Laboratory, ERL -- M 520, 1975.

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Laurence Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

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L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconduc- tor circuits, Electronics Research Laboratory 'ep..No. E'RL-M520, University of Califqrnia, Berkeley, May 1975.

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