L. W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report UCB/ERL M75/520, Electronics Research Lab, University of California at Berkeley, 1975.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....come from many different disciplines such as process, electrical, aerospace and mechanical engineering. Special purpose modelling and simulation tools are used by engineers in these fields. For example, DIVA [50] and SpeedUp [78] are used for simulation of chemical reaction dynamics, SPICE [74] for simulation of analog electronic circuitry and PSS E, for power system simulation. It is impossible for a control engineer to use these special purpose tools to model different parts of a complex system and then to merge the parts to make a model of the total system. Firstly, the tools are ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....already noted, Dymola can easily model components from other engineering domains in conjunction with the multibody components by invoking them from other already available class libraries. For example, a sophisticated library for electronic components corresponding to the SPICE electronics program [23] (diodes, Zener diodes, tunnel diodes, BJTs, etc. is being developed at the University of Arizona [14] In contrast to other multibody programs, Dymola supports multidisciplinary modeling within one environment the multibody part being just one model component among other equally important ....

Nagel, L.W., SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits, Berkeley, University of California, Electronic Research Laboratory, ERL -- M 520, 1975.

....intentions when abstracting system properties. Continuous time models, such as ordinary differential equations and differential algebraic equations, have been used for modeling mechanical dynamics, analog circuits, chemical processes, and many other physical systems. Design tools such as Spice [43], Saber [4] and early versions of Simulink [49] are based on these models. Discrete event models have a global notion of time and time stamped events. They are suitable for modeling timing properties in digital circuits, network traffic, and queuing systems. Languages and tools like VHDL [44] ....

W. Nagel. Spice 2---a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memo M520, UCB/ERL, EECS UC Berkeley, CA 94720, 1975.

....problems arise when VLSI designers use methods such as precharged logic, single phase clocking, and sense amp based techniques that depend on the analog properties of the circuits to obtain better performance. In current practice, design validation relies heavily on simulation tools such as SPICE [Nag75]. However, even the best model is only approximate, and each simulation run can only consider a particular set of functions as inputs to the circuit and a particular set of values for model parameters. To obtain a reasonable level of confidence in a design, a large number simulations must be run. ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....of a self timed ring. Irequire a model that captures the non linear timing dependencies of real circuits while abstracting away most of the details of a low level circuit model. ODEs Non linear ordinary di#erential equations (ODEs) form the basis of circuit models in simulators such as SP CE [Nag75] Numerical integration of the ODEs in a model yields a prediction of the circuit s behaviour. Pros: Accuracy. ODE modeling correctly predicts burst behaviour. Cons: Lack of abstraction. ODE modeling is extremely detailed: even the models for small rings have dozens to hundreds of ....

L.W . Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....model of circuit behavior is required. Here, we use models based on ordinary differential equations. These models have the advantage that they correspond to the best available physical models of the devices; they are the models in widespread use in circuit simulation programs such as SPICE [Nag75]; and they are amenable to analysis by methods from dynamical systems theory. In a very simple model, a transistor has three terminals: the source, the drain, and the gate. The source and drain are symmetric, the use of two different names is primarily historical. The current flowing from the ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERLM520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....In the remainder of this paper, we present methods for analyzing the timing modes of self timed rings. 3 Models As with many hybrid systems, the key to understanding the timing properties of self timed rings lies in nding an appropriate model for the ring. Circuit simulators such as SPICE [Nag75] use non linear ordinary di erential equations (ODEs) to model the circuit, and numerically integrate these equations to predict the circuit s behaviour. These ODE models can be quite accurate, and they correctly predict the burst behaviour that is observed by laboratory measurements. However, ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....intentions when abstracting system properties. Continuous time models, such as ordinary differential equations and differential algebraic equations, have been used for modeling mechanical dynamics, analog circuits, chemical processes, and many other physical systems. Design tools such as Spice [40], Saber (by Analogy Inc. and early versions of Simulink (by The MathWorks) are based on these models. Discrete event models have a global notion of time and timestamped events. They are suitable for modeling timing properties in digital circuits, network traffic, and queuing systems. Languages ....

W. Nagel. Spice 2---a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memo M520, UCB/ERL, EECS UC Berkeley, CA 94720, 1975.

....on the firstpage. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and or a fee. DAC 2002, June 10 14, 2002, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Copyright 2002 (1 58113 461 4) ACM 1 58113 297 2 01 0006 . 5.00. engine such as SPICE [11] can not fulfill the demanding task in a timely manner. For this reason, hierarchical simulation algorithms have been proposed by David, Sachin, et al. [8] Model order reduction techniques have also been extensively studied in the literature [6] Starting from AWE (Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation) ....

Nagel, L.S., SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memo ERL-M520, University of CAliforniaa, Berkeley, 1975.

....and inductor currents; G is the conductance matrix; C includes the capacitance and inductance terms, and u denotes the time varying sources modeling the sources and drains. 2 Analysis of Power Grids Due to the large size of typical power grids, general circuit simulators such as Spice [5] are not adequate for power grid analysis because of CPU time and memory limitation. The inefficiency of standard simulators [2, 6] comes about because (a) they require a lumped element approximation of the circuit which requires the translation of a regular geometrical structure to an expansive ....

....in each of the x and y directions, connected to a single voltage source at one of the corners, and loaded with 100 time dependent current sources at random locations. The resulting electrical model has 1089 nodes and a total of 1090 equations. We perform the simulation for 100 time steps. Spice [5] takes 13.3 sec. of CPU time, whereas our simulator implementing the method above takes 0.73 sec. for a net speedup of about 18x. Due to the superlinear dependence of solve time on matrix size, the speedup will be even more dramatic for the much larger systems normally encountered when simulating ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....Copyright 2002 ACM 1 58113 461 4 02 0006 . 5.00. verification tools must necessarily deal with the small frequencies together with the large ones. As is well known, simulating circuits with disparate frequencies using time stepping methods, such as those used for transient simulation in SPICE [5, 8] and similar tools, can be very inefficient, particularly when the time varying steady state solution is desired. Better methods exist for both widely separated and closely spaced driving tones. An important technique that is useful for both situations is harmonic balance (HB) e.g. 2 4] HB ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. PhD thesis, EECS Dept., Univ. Calif. Berkeley, Elec. Res. Lab., 1975. Memorandum no. ERL-M520.

....in such a way that different subsystems can be processed in parallel and the solution at different timepoints of the same subsystem can also be computed in parallel. I. INTRODUCTION HE IMPLICIT multistep integration algorithms used in general purpose circuit simulation programs, like SP1CE2 [1] and ASTAP [2] have proven to be reliable but are computationally expensive when applied to large systems. This is because each step of the numerical integration requires the implicit solution of a large nonlinear algebraic system. If the circuit simulation program is intended for the simulation ....

....would rarely be true for WN. To demonstrate this difficulty with WN, consider the problem illustrated in Fig. 1, a simple resistor diode circuit with a grounded capacitor. Fig. 2 shows the waveform iterations obtained using WN to solve the circuit, given an initial guess of v(t) 0 for all te [0, 1 ]. Note that the first computed waveform v (t) is quite far from the correct solution, and subsequent iterations move very slowly back to the correct solution. This slow convergence is common when applying Newton methods to exponential nonlinearities, given a poor initial guess. In this case, over ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

L. W. Nagel. -SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits." Electron. Res. Lab. Rep. No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....general approaches to circuit simulation: analytical and functional. Ana lytical simulators, such as SPICE, use detailed, non linear models of circuit components drawn from fundamental physical principles, and solve the resulting set of ordinary differential equations using sparse matrix methods [12]. Because of this level of detail, analytical simulators tend to be computationally expensive, and so are limited in prac tice to the simulation of relatively small circuits (a few tens or hundreds of transistors) More recently, a number of algorithms have been developed to substantially improve ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, University of California at Berkeley ERL/M520 , 1975.

....mathematically as follows where t is the time in nanoseconds and I is the current in milliamps: I = 410 t 0 0.2510 9 410 t 210 3 0.2510 9 0.510 9 B. Analysis of Power Grids Due to the large size of typical power grids, general circuit simulators such as Spice [8] are not adequate for power grid analysis because of CPU time and memory limitation. The ine#ciency of standard simulators comes about because (a) they require a lumped element approximation of the circuit which requires the translation of a regular geometrical structure to an expansive set of ....

....source at one of the corners, and loaded with 100 time varying current sources at random locations. The resulting electrical model has 1089 nodes and a total of 1090 equations. We perform the simulation for 100 time steps. Both, Spice and our simulator, produce the same results. However, Spice [8] takes 13.3 sec. of CPU time, whereas our simulator implementing the method above takes 0.73 sec. for a net speedup of about 18x. Due to the superlinear dependence of solve time on matrix size, the speedup will be even more dramatic for the much larger systems normally encountered when simulating ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....sparse matrix manipulations are examples of this type of improvement. A full description of these methods is beyond the scope of this paper the reader wishing further elaboration should refer to [13] for the tearing techniques or [32] for the others. Circuit analysis programs, such as SPICE [21] linearize and solve the circuit s nonlinear differential equations using numerical methods, providing a wealth of information and chewing up large amounts of computer time in the process. SPICE, which grew out of another program called CANCER [221 at UC Berkeley during the late 1960s, contains ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memo No. ERL-M520, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975.

....a more flexible approach to the timing analysis [5] For this algorithm BRASIL replaces the drain source channel of every single transistor in the subcircuit by a time variant conductance. It uses the equation for the drain current for a transistor in the linear region of the SPICE level 1 model [3], to write the conductance of the channel as: G#v gs #v ds ##K v gs # V t v ds (3) in terms of the gate source voltage v gs , the drain sourcevoltage v ds , the threshold voltage V t and a transconductance parameter K. With the assumption, that all input signals of the stage are known ....

....the event driven timing simulator and the circuit simulator with its time step controlling scheme is essential. In the pre simulation phase it must be determined which parts of the circuit require calculation to a higher accuracy. Since BRASIL dispose of an interface for netlists in SPICE language [3], the user specifies the nodes or the subcircuit he whishes to simulate with the circuit simulator within the circuit description. Furthermore a rule based investigation of the transistor functions separates logic gates, transfergates and analog blocks. The analog blocks and subcircuits with ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Rep. UCB/ERL M520, Univ. of Calif, Berkley, 1975.

....over the last two decades (see, e.g. 11, 18] current parallelizing compilers cannot extract a significant fraction of the available parallelism in a loop if it has a complex and or statically insufficiently defined access pattern. Typical examples are complex simulations such as SPICE [10], DYNA 3D [17] GAUSSIAN [8] and CHARMM [1] Run time techniques can succeed where static compilation fails because they have access to the input data. For example, input dependent or dynamic data distribution, memory accesses guarded by run time dependent conditions, and subscript expressions ....

Laurence Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....over the last two decades (see, e.g. 9, 22] current parallelizing compilers cannot extract a significant fraction of the available parallelism in a loop if it has a complex and or statically insufficiently defined access pattern. Typical examples are complex simulations such as SPICE [8], DYNA 3D [21] GAUSSIAN [6] CHARMM [1] In previous work [15, 17] we have shown that a 1 viable method to improve the results of classic, static automatic parallelization is to employ run time techniques that can trace relevant memory references and decide whether a loop is parallel or not. ....

Laurence Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....which prepares the circuit description before partitioning and uses the Seapart result after partitioning for creating a partitioned circuit description in Titan s input format. 2. 1 Circuit Conversion and Preparation for Partitioning Titan reads the circuit description in SPICE format [Nag75], which allows complex constructs containing a numerous variety of elements like transistors, capacitors, inductors, driven sources, etc. Seapart operates on an undirected graph, which is created from the PROUD input format containing only modules and the connections between them. Hence, a ....

L. Nagel. SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Ph. D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....or more complicated structures may develop. This large change in the behaviour of a system at a critical value is called a bifurcation. 14 2.2. 2 Relating the Continuous to the Discrete ODEs describing the behaviour of VLSI circuits to a fair degree of accuracy can be written, as SPICE [Nag75] demonstrates. Having established those terms and techniques from dynamical systems theory that are needed to study these ODE models, the problem of linking the continuous system with a discrete behaviour remains unresolved. Hurtado s answer, in keeping with his static analysis, was to associate ....

L.W. Nagel. SPICE2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 1975.

....access time to be crucial rather than the access time of a single client. This is the reason why a macroscopic continuous time model turns out to be the correct choice. The graph defined in the previous sub section can be translated into an electrical network and solved by the program SPICE [Nagel75]. The resulting information defines optimal traffic flows for the given scenario (parameter set) and travel times for every direction (which are meaningful only if an actual vehicle flow exists) It is importanto to state that no circuit simulation program has a user interface that can be adapted ....

L. W. Nagel. Spice: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Electronics Research Laboratory ERL Memo M520, University of California, Berkeley, 1975.

....the correct physical behavior of the circuit. Often secondary effects play an important role. These effects have to be described by refined MOS models. To show the impact of the modeling level, we simulate the charge pump circuit with different standard MOS models [1] as implemented in SPICE [10] and in Siemens circuit simulator TITAN [3] From the cross section through an MOS transistor as given in Fig. 5 one gets a good idea how the associated discrete circuit model should look like (cf. Fig. 6) The different modeling levels often are based on the same circuit schematic, but differ ....

....800 1000 [ns] 0 10 20 30 [V] Fig. 7. Simulation results with TITAN: Level 1 model (left) versus level 3 model (right) Dashed line: V (2) solid line: V (3) 4 IMPACT ON INTEGRATION SCHEMES To solve the network equations arising from charge oriented modeling, most simulation packages such as SPICE [10] or TITAN [3] use the direct BDF (backward differentiation f ormulas) approach due to Gear [4] For general DAEs of low index, the integrator DASSL used in Sec. 2 3 is a standard implementation of the BDF. DASSL solves the implicit equation F (t; x(t) x(t) 0 (1) as follows: At a given time ....

W. Nagel, SPICE 2---a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Tech. Report MEMO ERL-M 520, UC Berkeley, 1975.

....the design process usually includes simulation at multiple different levels. Because the focus of this thesis is switch level simulation we will narrow our discussion to just the three middle levels of Figure 1 . Immediately below the switch level is circuit level simulation. Circuit simulators[Nag75, WJM 73] represent the IC as a network of lumped, possibly nonlinear, transistors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, and current and voltage sources (Figure 2) Kirchoff s voltage and current laws are used to formulate a D C B A Figure 2: Circuit Level Representation set of coupled ....

....taken by some MOS timing analyzers and switch level simulators. This approach employs linear device models and moment analysis. 2.1 Circuit and Timing Simulation Circuit and timing simulation have evolved continuously over the past few decades. The second generation 1 simulators[WJM 73, Nag75] reached maturity during the mid 1970 s. These simulators have since achieved widespread acceptance and are now regarded as the classic circuit simulators . However, as ICs increased in size, the circuit simulators were found to require excessive amounts of computer memory and time. ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

L. Nagel. SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....have been studied extensively over the last two decades, current parallelizing compilers cannot extract a significant fraction of the available parallelism in a loop if it has a complex and or statically insufficiently defined access pattern. Typical examples are complex simulations such as SPICE [16], DYNA 3D [27] GAUSSIAN [14] CHARMM [1] Research supported in part by NSF CAREER Award CCR 9734471 and utilized the SGI systems at the NCSA, University of Illinois under grant#ASC980006N. It has become clear that static (compile time) analysis must be complemented by new methods capable ....

L. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....have been studied extensively over the last two decades, current parallelizing compilers cannot extract a significant fraction of the available parallelism in a loop if it has a complex and or statically insufficiently defined access pattern. Typical examples are complex simulations such as SPICE [16], DYNA 3D [27] GAUSSIAN [14] CHARMM [1] Research supported in part by NSF CAREER Award CCR 9734471 and utilized the SGI systems at the NCSA, University of Illinois under grant#ASC980006N. It has become clear that static (compile time) analysis must be complemented by new methods capable ....

L. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....over the last two decades (see, e.g. 10, 19] current parallelizing compilers cannot extract a significant fraction of the available parallelism in a loop if it has a complex and or statically insufficiently defined access pattern. Typical examples are complex simulations such as SPICE [9], DYNA 3D [18] GAUSSIAN [7] CHARMM [1] In previous work [14] we have shown that a viable method to improve the results of classic, static automatic parallelization is to employ run time techniques that can trace relevant memory references and decide whether a loop is parallel or not. Run ....

L. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....execution, then the compiler cannot use classic analysis techniques, e.g. data dependence analysis. Unfortunately, this precludes traditional static compiler parallelization and latency hiding techniques from being used in the optimization of many important modern applications such as SPICE [8], DYNA 3D [12] GAUSSIAN [7] and CHARMM [1] which have input dependent and or computation dependent memory reference patterns. One of the most important operations in scientific applications is the reduction operation, which is also commonly referred to as an update operation. The ....

Laurence Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

....set of pins with a designated source, we wish to electrically connect all the pins so that the maximum source sink signal propagation delay is minimized. Ideally, a routing algorithm will compute and optimize signal delays according to a detailed circuit simulation, such as that provided by SPICE [28]. However, the computation times required by SPICE are prohibitive for routing tree construction, and therefore more efficient delay estimators are needed. As recently shown by Boese et al. 3] both the fidelity and accuracy of Elmore s distributed RC delay approximation is surprisingly high with ....

....are needed. As recently shown by Boese et al. 3] both the fidelity and accuracy of Elmore s distributed RC delay approximation is surprisingly high with respect to more complex delay estimators, such as the Two Pole distributed RCL simulator of [38] as well as the SPICE circuit simulator [28]. We therefore use the Elmore formula to compare our routing constructions to existing ones. We begin with some definitions and notation. A signal net N = fn 0 ; n 1 ; n k g is a fixed set of pins in the Manhattan plane to be connected by a routing graph G = N; E) where E N Theta N . ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, May 1975.

....Equation (1) and finding its zeros should be an easy task. We show that the so called standard embedding F(x; 1 Gamma )x f(x) 0 (4) fails if we use the well known Modified Nodal Analysis (MNA) equations [11] The MNA method is used today in most SPICE like circuit simulators [12]. The main reason for choosing the MNA approach when writing circuits equations is to include network elements that are not current sources or do not have an admittance representation (such as certain controlled sources) For such elements one cannot introduce their currents into the vector of ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memorandum No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....can possess multiple operating points. Recent advances in computer aided design (CAD) tools for circuit simulation have set designers free from the need to perform lengthy and tedious, but often only approximate, calculations to compute circuit currents and voltages. The SPICE circuit simulator [1, 2, 3] has become an industry standard, and many SPICE like CAD tools are in use today. Nevertheless, the problem of computing the dc operating points of transistor circuits can be a difficult task. The exponential nature of the diode type nonlinearities that model semiconductor devices can cause ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. ERL Memorandum No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....San Jose, CA, November 9 13, 1997. to appear in IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits 1. Introduction Symbolic analysis is to calculate the behavior or the characteristic of a circuit in terms of symbolic parameters. In contrast to numerical simulators such as SPICE [20] that only provide numerical results, symbolic simulators can express explicitly which circuit parameters determine the circuit behavior. They offer more advantages than numerical simulators in many applications such as optimum topology selection, design space exploration, behavioral model ....

L. W. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Berkeley CA, May 1975.

....table as a basis for computing all transistor currents and conductances. The length and width of the transistor (basis transistor) that is used to create the basis data table are denoted L table and W table . 3 EVENT DRIVEN SIMULATION Traditional electronic circuit simulators, such as SPICE [7], offer accurate simulation results (current and voltage waveforms) but the simulation runtime limits their use for large circuits. The reduction in simulation runtime is accomplished by: 1. using larger time steps, thus reducing the accuracy level, or 2. avoid the direct method, that is, to ....

L. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL- Memo UCB/ERL M75/520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....equations had been given and we discussed the numerical behaviour depending on technical parameters. For simulation we used A = 10. We show the waveforms of input(u 1 ) and output(u 3 ) voltages in Figure 3. Software packages for circuit simulation started with the development of SPICE by Nagel [33]. Nowadays, there are more than 100 packages on the market. An open domain research package is SPICE2. An industrial state of the art tool is TITAN by Siemens AG. 5.2 Multibody System Dynamics In this journal several papers on multibody system dynamics including impressive applications were ....

W. Nagel. SPICE 2 --- a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical report, UC Berkeley, 1975. MEMO ERL-M 520.

....linear behaviour of the transmission line terminations has to be assumed. Using the symmetry of the capacitance and inductance matrices a very fast algorithm has been developed. It will be shown that the accuracy of the results is good. Comparison of the computation time with that of other methods [2, 3] shows a large speed up. ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE 2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. Electronic Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkley, 1975.

....done using matlab. Algorithm development, precision studies, and behavioral modeling were done in C. Transistor level schematics were described using net [63] VLSI layout, extraction, and design rule checking were done with magic [50] Detailed timing simulation and analysis were done with spice [49]. Functional simulation, coarse timing, critical path analysis, and power measurements were done using our own version of rsim [63, 10] 6.3 Multichip networks The chip is designed to be tiled in a regular array with nearest neighbor connections to implement multichip networks. The sigmoid ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical report, University of California, Berkeley, May 9 1975. Memo ERL-M520.

....gnd. But Q = CV so the work done is CV 2 . In practice, the input does not switch instantly, so both the nfet and the pfet are on for a short time, causing excess current to flow. We measured the short circuit charge for a variety of transistor sizes, rise times, and output loads using spice [Nag75] on a typical 2 micron CMOS technology from MOSIS [Wal86] Figure 2 shows the current flowing through vdd and gnd supplies as the gate is switched first from 0 to 5 volts between 2ns and 7ns, and then from 5 to 0 volts between 40ns and 45ns. The short circuit current in each case is the smaller ....

L. W. Nagel. SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical report, University of California, Berkeley, May 9 1975. Memo ERL-M520.

....already noted, Dymola can easily model components from other engineering domains in conjunction with the multibody components by invoking them from other already available class libraries. For example, a sophisticated library for electronic components corresponding to the SPICE electronics program [23] (diodes, Zener diodes, tunnel diodes, BJTs, etc. is being developed at the University of Arizona [14] In contrast to other multibody programs, Dymola supports multidisciplinary modeling within one environment the multibody part being just one model component among other equally important ....

Nagel, L.W., SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits, Berkeley, University of California, Electronic Research Laboratory, ERL -- M 520, 1975.

....in two categories: those that model the behavior of individual transistors and those that model the behavior of individual gates. 5.2. 1 Transistor Modeling The most accurate way to compute gate delay is to solve the transistor equations for each gate in the same way that, for example, SPICE2 [24] simulates a circuit. This type of transistor modeling will generate the right answer with very few assumptions about the input signal. Even though this approach can be used for small circuits, its computational complexity is very high, especially if we use it as a model for global sizing ....

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. , Tech. Report ERL--M520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

....to the current entity, they could also be arranged in a Linking Requirements and Design Data for Automated Functional Evaluation 5 tree like fashion. Figure 3 also contains three equivalent representations for the FP Xi (floating point division) entity: one in each VHDL, Magic [20] and Spice [19]. Each of these entities are connected by equivalence links, indicating that the representations for the entity are functionally equivalent. For the FP Xi AD entity, we show a Spice netlist derived from a Magic layout which in turn has been derived from the VHDL architecture entity pair. Our ....

Nagel, L. W. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report ERL-M520, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975. Linking Requirements and Design Data for Automated Functional Evaluation 13

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L. W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Technical Report UCB/ERL M75/520, Electronics Research Lab, University of California at Berkeley, 1975.

No context found.

L. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, ERL Memorandum No. ERL-M520, Univ. of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

No context found.

Nagel, L. W., SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Elec. Eng., 1975.

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Laurence W. Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, May 1975.

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L.W. Nagel. Spice2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. U.C. Berkely, ERL Memo ERL-M520, 1975.

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L. W. Nagel, SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits, PhD Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Elec. Eng. (1975).

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L. Nagel and R. Rohrer. Spice2: a computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Memorandum ERL-M520, Electronics Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.

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Nagel L.W.: SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconductor circuits. Berkeley, University of California, Electronic Research Laboratory, ERL -- M 520, 1975.

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Laurence Nagel. SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits. PhD thesis, University of California, May 1975.

No context found.

L.W. Nagel, "SPICE2: A computer program to simulate semiconduc- tor circuits, Electronics Research Laboratory 'ep..No. E'RL-M520, University of Califqrnia, Berkeley, May 1975.

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