K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, Jan. 1997.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....We demand that Approximation 1 satis es the previous equation as an initial condition. Lemma 3 The number of pairs within h hops is P (h) c h ; h where c = N 2 E to satisfy initial conditions. In networks, we often need to reach a target without knowing its exact position [51] [9]. In these cases, selecting the extent of our broadcast or search is an issue . On the one hand, a small broadcast may not reach our target. On the other hand, an extended broadcast creates too many messages and takes a long time to complete. Ideally, we want to know how many hops are required ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a oneto -many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

....messages containing information about the service needed. The broadcast can be done by using IP broadcasting [1] multicasting by Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) 2] or Anycasting [3] Multicast protocols usually implement the second solution in a mechanism called Expanding Ring Search (ERS) [4]. This is because IP broadcasting is not efficient considering its network resource consumption and Anycasting is not yet widely deployed. Although the ERS algorithm uses RPF and is incremental, it is not always efficient. This is because it scans in all directions and therefore sends packets in ....

....is based on the IP router level. In our solution, a search is always targeted (we say oriented ) at a specific node and our service does not store in nodes any information on distant nodes. We also use a scoped search system but it is quite different from the classical Expanding Ring Search [4] currently proposed by GIA and some other protocols to carry out an agent search. For instance, in a reliable communication, some specific nodes (that we defined as agents in section I) are responsible for retransmitting data that has not been correctly received by one or more receivers. In ....

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Ken Carlberg and Jon Crowcroft, "Building shared trees using a one-tomany joining mechanism," ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 5--11, January 1997.

....and simulation are presented in Section V. Finally, we draw the conclusion in Section VI. II. RELATED WORK Several QoS based multicast protocols have been proposed: 2] 4] Some of these protocols use multiple branch searching method to increase the probability of successful search, like [1][3] 5] Their branch searching processes are based on least cost, which may not always satisfy the QoS requirements. Chen et al. have integrated QoS awareness idea into the branch searching process [2] where the feasible branch searching is based on unidirectional broadcasting if the least cost ....

....which may not always satisfy the QoS requirements. Chen et al. have integrated QoS awareness idea into the branch searching process [2] where the feasible branch searching is based on unidirectional broadcasting if the least cost path can not satisfy the QoS requirements. In spanning joins [1], a new member broadcasts join request in its neighborhoods to find ontree routers. The reply message will collect the QoS properties along its traveling path, which is one of the candidate paths. When the new member receives multiple reply messages, it selects the best candidate path as a ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees Using a Oneto -Many Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, Jan. 1997.

....multicast tree meeting its QoS requirement, we should be able to discover it. 3 Related Work A few QoS aware mutlicast routing protocols have been proposed in the literature [2] 4] Some of these protocols use multiple branch searching method to increase the probability of a successful search [1, 3, 5]. Their branch searching processes are based on least cost, which may not always satisfy the QoS requirements. Chen et al. have integrated QoS awareness idea into the branch searching process [2] where the feasible branch searching is based on unidirectional broadcasting if the least cost path can ....

....which may not always satisfy the QoS requirements. Chen et al. have integrated QoS awareness idea into the branch searching process [2] where the feasible branch searching is based on unidirectional broadcasting if the least cost path can not satisfy the QoS requirements. In spanning joins [1], a new member broadcasts join request in its neighborhoods to nd on tree routers. The reply message will collect the QoS properties along its traveling path, which is one of the candidate paths. When the new member receives multiple reply messages, it selects the best candidate path as a ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism, " Computer Communication Review, Jan. 1997.

....most cases we have to recalculate the whole shared tree. In this paper, we propose a new protocol that uses a multipath search mechanism to construct a DCMST. The idea of using multipath search in multicast protocols was first introduced in the YAM protocol proposed by K. Calberg and J. Crowcroft [3]. In YAM, the new destination router searches its neighborhood and finds on tree routers, it then selects the most promising route to graft to the shared tree. The problem with YAM is that the spanning of the join search increases the control overhead significantly. The authors of YAM suggested a ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a one-to-many Joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

....PDCR2.5 DCR 4.1.2 Destination Multicast Routing Algorithm with PDCR With the destination routing technique (Greedy algorithm) each new member is attached to the multicast tree through the nearest node on the tree. This technique is used for example in YAM (Yet Another Multicast protocol) [7]. Join Only session and Join Leave sessions. Simulation are carried on 200 nodes networks with groups of 100 members. Join Only sessions: Similar to the rst protocol, in Figures 11 and 12, we notice that using PDCR can reduce considerably the average end to end delay for the group members ( 40 ....

K. Carlberg J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a one-to-many Joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

....to a core on the tree. Doar and Leslie s Naive algorithm for constructing route for dynamic multicast groups computes the multicast routes by combining the shortest paths of the initial multicast group members. New members are joined to the nearest attachment point on the existing tree [7] [18] proposes a one to many join mechanism to build a shared tree. Inter domain joins are generated by egress nodes to a well known multicast address that starts a one to many spanning join. Leaf routers request intra domain joins to an egress node. If the node receiving the join request has no state ....

Ken Carlberg, Jon Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism", in ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, January 1997, pp. 5-10.

....with demanding QoS requirements. Their QoS performance su ers from two issues: a) their routing provides a single path based on static information, and b) their performance depends on the initial core selection. The rst e ort to overcome the single path routing weakness was the YAM protocol [12]. The protocol relies on a search procedure involving scoped multicast to nd the closest portion of the tree to join. Our protocol is a superset of YAM, and has additional mechanisms that alleviate the scalability concerns [22, 21] More recently, Zappala proposed a scheme for alternate path ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a oneto -many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

....(OM) framework proposed by Magoni and Pansiot [8] In OM, a message is multicasted to nodes in a limited area around the shortest path between the source and the destination. The idea is to avoid resource wasting introduced by search algorithms like IP broadcast or Expanding Ring Search (ERS) [9]. In different applications, specific nodes (or services) can be found around a known entity in the network. A message is then sent to this entity and to some nodes around this path. The authors show that in many cases (e.g. service location) this approach leads to good performance improvements ....

K. C. and J. Crowcroft, "Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism," ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 5--11, Jan. 1997.

....affecting other tree members. It is clearly harder for such type of algorithm to produce a globally optimized multicast tree (in terms of cost) But receiver joining is necessary for applications that have frequent membership dynamics. A few distributed dynamic schemes were recently proposed [4, 12]. We anticipate both types of multicast algorithms are needed to support different types of applications. A static algorithm can be used in an MOSPF like QoS multicast routing protocol in which every router computes the multicast tree independently. Or it can be used to compute a multicast tree ....

....such information could be made available. One limitation is that all them only consider delay constraint (in addition to bandwidth) It is difficult to extend them to handle multiple constraints (i.e. jitter and loss in addition to delay) Some other QoS sensitive multicast routing protocols (YAM[4] and QoSMIC[12] attempt to address these problems. Both YAM and QoSMIC provide multiple paths for a new member to choose in connecting to the existing tree. Some kind of search mechanism is used to explore many paths from the new member. YAM specifies an inter domain join mechanism called ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism", ACM Computer Communication Review, pp.5-11, January 1997.

....Similarly, in the recently proposed CEDAR protocol [23] only the socalled core nodes participate in route computation, thus limiting the ooding overhead. The ood control problem is not unique to ad hoc networks. Other network routing protocols also face this problem. For example, in [5] the construction of multicast trees across di erent domains in a wide area wired network is considered. Here, the protocol does consecutive ooding to search increasingly larger regions until reaching the multicast tree. This technique is called expanding rings. This approach can also be used in ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

....value. Such an imprecision model is however not suitable for an ad hoc network. It is very dicult to maintain the link state probability distribution in an ad hoc network, considering that a link may be broken before any meaningful probablistic data has been gathered. Some recent publications [36], 16] 18] avoid the imprecise state problem by relying only on the up to date local state maintained at every node. These algorithms use ooding to collectively utilize the local states to nd a feasible path. However, the overhead of ooding is inhabitatively high for the algorithms to be used ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism," ACM Computer Communication Review, pp. 5-11, January 1997.

....the paths which do not violate QoS and optimization requirements. Once a probe reaches any node in the multicast tree, a feasible extension of the tree is found. The worst case message complexity of the above receiver initiated probing is O(e) for a single receiver. Carlberg Crowcroft algorithm [9]: The spanning joins approach was proposed by Carlberg and Crowcroft for the construction of multicast trees across different domains [9] A new group member broadcasts a join request message. When an on tree node receives the message, it sends a unicast reply message back to the new member. The ....

....of the tree is found. The worst case message complexity of the above receiver initiated probing is O(e) for a single receiver. Carlberg Crowcroft algorithm [9] The spanning joins approach was proposed by Carlberg and Crowcroft for the construction of multicast trees across different domains [9]. A new group member broadcasts a join request message. When an on tree node receives the message, it sends a unicast reply message back to the new member. The path of the reply message is determined by the existing unicast routing algorithm. The message may collect the QoS properties and resource ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism. Computer Communications Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

....group membership in all nodes and apply the same heuristic on the fly in each one. A similar technique is used by MOSPF. This would, however, require complete synchronisation and a large amount of information on every node. 2. 2 Query Answer Distributed Methods A different approach is used by YAM [16] and QoSMIC [17] A node wishing to join sends a query to the network. When the message reaches on tree members, these calculate the cost of joining the tree through them and send answers back to the joining node. The query messages may update one or more metric while they traverse the network. ....

Ken Carlberg and Jon Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism. Computer Comunication Review, 27(1):5--11, January 1997.

....a path, it initiates the member join process by sending a request on the selected path toward the on tree router. Several approaches have been proposed, which we summarize below: Local search with bidding: Complementary to CBT, Carlberg et al. proposed the Yet Another Multicast (YAM) protocol [57, 40] in which a new router which intends to join a multicast tree does a bidorder broadcast with limited scope using the time to live (TTL) field. On tree routers that receive the broadcast message become candidate routers and return bid messages. The bid messages contain static router information, ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

....without affecting the tree. It is clearly harder for such type of algorithm to produce a globally optimized multicast tree (in terms of cost) But receiver joining is necessary for applications that have frequent membership dynamics. A few distributed dynamic schemes were recently proposed [4], 12] We anticipate both types of multicast algorithms are needed to support different types of applications. A static algorithm can be used in an MOSPF like QoS multicast routing protocol in which every router computes the multicast tree independently. Or it can be used to compute a multicast ....

....such information could be made available. One limitation is that all them only consider delay constraint (in addition to bandwidth) It is difficult to extend them to handle multiple constraints (i.e. jitter and loss in addition to delay) Some other QoS sensitive multicast routing protocols (YAM[4] and QoSMIC[12] attempt to address these problems. Both YAM and QoSMIC provide multiple paths for a new member to choose in connecting to the existing tree. Some kind of search mechanism is used to explore many paths from the new member. YAM specifies an inter domain join mechanism called ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building shared trees using a one-tomany joining mechanism", ACM Computer Communication Review, pp.5-11, January 1997.

....least cost multicast trees. These algorithms however are not practical in the Internet environment because they have excessive computation overhead, require knowledge about the global network state, and do not handle dynamic group membership. The spanning join protocol by Carlberg and Crowcroft [7] handles dynamic membership and does not require any global network state. However, it has excessive communication overhead because it relies on ooding to nd a feasible tree branch to connect a new member. QoSMIC [8] proposed by Faloutsos et al. alleviates but does not eliminate the ooding ....

....to support the quality requirement. B. Multiple path routing In order to increase the chance of nding a feasible tree, the MPR protocols provide multiple candidate paths for a new member to be connected to the tree. Among the candidates the new member selects the best one. Spanning joins [7]: In the spanning joins protocol proposed by Carlberg and Crowcroft, a new member broadcasts join request messages in its neighborhood to nd ontree nodes. Whenever an on tree node receives the message, it sends a reply message back to the new member. The path of the reply message, determined by ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, pp. 5-11, January 1997.

....in the type of trees which they build, and the method that they employ for building these trees. There are basically two types of trees i.e. source based trees, in which the root of the tree is located at the network which contains the source (host transmitting the datagrams) and shared trees [13], in which the source networks (i.e. those networks which contain the sources) depend on some selected routers in the Internet, which act as the root of the trees for all the multicast groups which they support, for the delivery of datagrams. Both the trees are shown in Figure 2.1. The tree rooted ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM SIGCOMM Computer communication review, Jan 1997.

....straightforward approach of exchanging dynamic link state metrics to compute QoS based routes does not scale to large networks. We can distinguish two categories among Internet multicast protocols based on QoS considerations: QoS oblivious protocols [1] 10] 19] 17] and QoS sensitive protocols [3] [25] An overview of the above protocols is presented in the next section. Our protocol was designed with the following primary goals. ffl QoS Support. We want to provide a framework to support arbitrary QoS requirements of users. To achieve this, we have to consider multiple paths, and handle ....

....at a specific QoS level. Quality of Service (QoS) denotes the user perceived quality. Recently, Zappala et al. 25] used the term Quality of Route (QoR) to refer to multiple static parameters of the route (e.g. link capacity, delay, or reliability) and this was adopted in the YAM protocol [3]. In our work, we suggest the use of dynamic metrics, e.g. available bandwidth, current delay) because these provide paths that can meet QoS requirements at a given moment. Furthermore, routing with dynamic metrics can respond pro actively to link congestion. However, exchange of dynamic ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

....algorithms. The performance should be independent of the number of joining nodes. 4) Minimized worst case cost of the multicast tree. The worst case cost produced by the algorithm should be theoretically bounded as small as possible. Many dynamic multicast routing algorithms have been proposed [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. However, none of there algorithms can satisfy all of the above requirements. The greedy algorithm [8, 9] selects the shortest path to an existing multicast tree when a node is added. It can construct a near optimal multicast tree, but requires many query reply messages between nodes when ....

....can satisfy all of the above requirements. The greedy algorithm [8, 9] selects the shortest path to an existing multicast tree when a node is added. It can construct a near optimal multicast tree, but requires many query reply messages between nodes when implemented in a distributed environment [13, 14]. Thus, the algorithm is not scalable in a distributed environment. The pruned shortest path tree algorithm [4, 5, 6, 7] finds the shortest path from the source node (or the center node) to the nodes in the multicast group when a node is added to the multicast tree. This algorithm cannot construct ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees using a One-to-many Joining Mechanism," ACM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5--11, Jan. 1997.

....least cost multicast trees. These algorithms however are not practical in the Internet environment because they have excessive computation overhead, require knowledge about the global network state, and do not handle dynamic group membership. The spanning join protocol by Carlberg and Crowcroft [7] handles dynamic membership and does not require any global network state. However, it has excessive communication overhead because it relies on ooding to nd a feasible tree branch to connect a new member. QoSMIC [8] proposed by Faloutsos et al. alleviates but does not eliminate the ooding ....

....to support the quality requirement. B. Multiple path routing In order to increase the chance of nding a feasible tree, the MPR protocols provide multiple candidate paths for a new member to be connected to the tree. Among the candidates the new member selects the best one. Spanning joins [7]: In the spanning joins protocol proposed by Carlberg and Crowcroft, a new member broadcasts join request messages in its neighborhood to nd ontree nodes. Whenever an on tree node receives the message, it sends a reply message back to the new member. The path of the reply message, determined by ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, pp. 5-11, January 1997.

....least cost multicast trees. These algorithms however are not practical in the Internet environment because they have excessive computation overhead, require knowledge about the global network state, and do not handle dynamic group membership. The spanning join protocol by Carlberg and Crowcroft [7] handles dynamic membership and does not require any global network state. However, it has excessive communication overhead because it relies on ooding to nd a feasible tree branch to connect a new member. QoSMIC [8] proposed by Faloutsos et al. alleviates but does not eliminate the ooding ....

....mbps c core: c members: l, m, n bandwidth requirement: 2 ( a ) l n m k 2 mbps 2 mbps 2 mbps 2 mbps 1 mbps c ( b ) Fig. 1. The multicast tree is shown by bold lines. new member to be connected to the tree. Among the candidates the new member selects the best one. Spanning joins [7]: In the spanning joins protocol proposed by Carlberg and Crowcroft, a new member broadcasts join request messages in its neighborhood to nd ontree nodes. Whenever an on tree node receives the message, it sends a reply message back to the new member. The path of the reply message, determined by ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, pp. 5-11, January 1997.

.... and neither algorithm has been verified to provide correct multicast routing trees after network changes [36] Further efforts to propose scalable multicast routing algorithms have been made by Kumar et al. [29] Thaler et al. [46] Hac and Wang [23] Samala et al. [40] Carlberg and Crowcroft 8 [10] and Parsa and Garcia Luna Aceves [36] All of them build shared trees following the design principle utilized by CBT and PIM SM, i.e. operating independently of any unicast routing algorithm while focusing on improving one aspect of the existing multicast routing algorithms. Several articles ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, September 1997.

....Similarly, in the recently proposed CEDAR protocol [20] only the so called core nodes participate in route computation, thus limiting the flooding overhead. The flood control problem is not unique to ad hoc networks. Other network routing protocols also face this problem. For example, in [5] the construction of multicast trees across different domains in a wide area wired network is considered. Here, the protocol does consecutive flooding to search increasingly larger regions until reaching the multicast tree. This technique is called the expanding rings. This approach can also be ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

....straightforward approach of exchanging dynamic link state metrics to compute QoS based routes does not scale to large networks. We can distinguish two categories among Internet multicast protocols based on QoS considerations: QoS oblivious protocols [1] 10] 18] 16] and QoS sensitive protocols [4] [24] An overview of the above protocols is presented in the next sec tion. Our protocol was designed with the following primary goals. ffl QoS Support. We want to provide a framework to support arbitrary QoS requirements of users. To achieve this, we have to consider multiple paths, and ....

....term Quality of Route (QoR) to refer to multiple static parameters of the route (e.g. link capacity, delay, or reliability) and this was 2 Source Based Trees require a routing entry per source per group, while Shared Trees require a single routing entry per group. adopted in the YAM protocol [4]. In our work, we suggest the use of dynamic metrics, e.g. available bandwidth, current delay) because these provide paths that can meet QoS requirements at a given moment. Furthermore, routing with dynamic metrics can respond pro actively to link congestion. However, exchange of dynamic ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

....1 satisfies the previous equation as an initial condition. Lemma 3 The number of pairs within h hops is P (h) ae c h H ; h ffi N 2 ; h ffi where c = N 2 E to satisfy initial conditions. In networks, we often need to reach a target without knowing its exact position [7] [1]. In these cases, selecting the extent of our broadcast or search is an issue. On the one hand, a small broadcast will not reach our target. On the other hand, an extended broadcast creates too many messages and takes a long time to complete. Ideally, we want to know how many hops are required to ....

....assumptions. Actually, given just a hypothesis for the number of nodes, we can estimate the number of edges from Lemma 2, and 6 Some protocols that employ broadcasting or flooding techniques are the link state protocols OSPF and MOSPF [13] and the multicast protocols DVMRP [22] QoSMIC [7] YAM [1]. Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 Nodes 4389 5763 7137 8511 Edges 8256 12639 15301 18384 Effective diameter 4.26 4.39 4.61 4.78 Table 4: Internet prediction assuming linear node increase. We predict the number of edges and effective diameter of the Internet at the inter domain level at the beginning of ....

K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg, J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, Jan. 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees Using a One-ToMany Joining Mechanism," in ACM Computer Communication Review, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees Using a One-ToMany Joining Mechanism," in ACM Comp. Comm. Review, Jan. 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, "Building Shared Trees Using a One-toMany Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, pp. 5--11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism. Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg et al, Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-many joining Mechanism, ACM Computer Communication Review, January 1997, pp5-11

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5--11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft, \Building Shared Trees Using a One-to-Many Joining Mechanism," Computer Communication Review, pp. 5-11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building shared trees using a one-to-many joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a One-toMany Joining Mechanism. Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

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K. Carlberg and J. Crowcroft. Building Shared Trees Using a oneto -many Joining mechanism. ACM Computer Communication Review, pages 5-11, January 1997.

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