H. R. Hartson and P. D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7(1):1--45, 1992.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....expressed in interleaving, untimed CSP. Our approach integrates task models, typically based on user oriented concerns, into rigorous development which is typically system oriented. It provides a basis for a framework for formal development of interactive systems. 1. Introduction Notation (UAN) [7, 8] to the process algebra Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) 9] UAN is an informal notation, used for task modeling and design. CSP is a formal notation, used for system modeling. Task modeling is concerned with describing activities in which users engage to achieve some goal. Task models ....

....distinguishes it both from abstract notations such as GOMS [2] and from concrete notations such as KLM [1] Also, many other task notations are intended for analysis, whereas UAN was developed to support both analysis and synthesis as the core activities of design. As Hartson and Gray note [7], UAN is intensional so a UAN description identifies all possible behaviours. A prototype, in contrast, is extensional and so is not particularly useful as a design artifact (despite obvious advantages for other purposes) Table 1 provides a summary of the UAN task notation. In the remainder of ....

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H. R. Hartson and P. D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7(1):1--45, 1992.

....and for some tasks (e.g. in the safety critical domain) minor differences in efficiency (in terms of keystrokes) can be important. A more detailed keystroke level model could be constructed using Object Z in combination with a suitable keystroke level notation such as User Action Notation [9] (e.g. as in [10] Future work may be concerned with examining the suitability of such keystroke level models for usability analysis. By analysing models of user interface designs, the effort required for user interface development may be reduced. In particular, there may be less need for ....

H. R. Hartson and P. D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. HCI, 7(1):1--45, 1992.

....[30] and ETAG (Extended Task Action Grammar) 35] In these grammars the logical structure is defined in the production rules where high level tasks can be associated with non terminal symbols whereas basic tasks are associated with the terminal symbols of the grammar. UAN (User Action Notation) [16] has been another successful approach, still supporting this type of logical structure. The main purpose of UAN, a notation developed by Rex Hartson and others, is to communicate design. It allows designers to describe the dynamic behaviour of graphical user interface. It combines concepts from ....

Hartson R., Gray P., Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation, Human Computer Interaction, Vol.7, pp.1-45, 1992.

....grammatical formalisms and associated parsers to specify legal user actions, provided that the scanning is done over a continuous input stream rather than a finite sequence. Note that here we mainly address the operational aspect of the problem, rather than the qualitative aspect, as done in [9] by using (high level) temporal extensions of a UAN (User Action Notation) The main issues of the action parsing we propose are: Designation of objects and actions in the workspace. The alphabet of glyphs is defined by using the type system previously described. This means that, as for lexical ....

H. Hartson and P. Gray. Temporal aspects of task in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....between the models. However there is no modelling of either the HCI presentation or the cognitive processes of the user. The method has been applied to analysis of an air trac control system [18] In Section 3, we provide a model of the HCI for the ATC system simulation which combines the UAN [6] and Z notations [20] Section 4 gives a model of the operator s cognitive process using Statecharts [5] 3 The ATC HCI model The ATC HCI is modelled using an integrated approach, blending a formal model of the interface state with a notation for describing the user actions. 3.1 The Underlying ....

....views #selected 1 warnings views 4 3.2 The User Action Notation The remainder of the HCI model is de ned using the User Action Notation (UAN) combined with fragments of Z. UAN is a simple notation for describing the behaviour of the user and the interface as they perform a task together [6]. UAN provides symbols for user actions that describe the interaction between the user and the computer while performing tasks (such as moving and clicking the mouse) and feedback symbols that describe feedback from the interface (such as what is displayed on the screen) Some additional ....

H. R. Hartson. Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1-45, 1992.

....principles. This initiative is not new (e.g. Payne s, Green s, and Reisner s work) but must be pursued. Usage at the external specifications stage of formal notations such as Accepted at the Wokshop Model for Developing High Impact Formatice Usability Evaluation Methods, CHI 94, Boston 3 UAN [Hartson 92] opens the way to automatic usability testing before implementation proceeds. To illustrate the potential of the approach, we consider one example of rules drawn from our own experience using UAN to describe the user interface of MATIS [Nigay 93] a Multimodal Air Travel Information System: If ....

R. Hartson, P.D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, Laurence Erlbaum, vol. 7, No 1, pp. 1-45, 1992

....these parameters are passed to the execution module. For each modality, a list of elementary events describes what information chunks can be expressed in that modality, and how. The latter information is used by the recognition modules to define vocabularies. In addition, User Action Notation [174] has been used to specify multimodal interfaces. ffl Multimodal Grammar Tools: 384] presents a toolkit for multimodal application development. The toolkit consists of a set of grammar tools that support the specification of multimodal applications using context free grammars, and the automatic ....

H.R. Hartson and P.D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. HumanComputer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....received consistent attention in the application to computer graphics [D91] and in the abstract description of human computer interaction [HT90] there are no relevant experiences in the application to multimodal interactive systems. We therefore consider two notations from different areas: UAN [HG92] developed at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute explicitly for describing human computer interaction, and LOTOS [BB87] which was mainly designed for the specification of communication protocols but which was shown to be useful for specifying any class of systems where concurrency, interaction, ....

....of each basic task into the sequence of user actions which can perform it. The resulting user interfaces are represented as a quasi hierarchical structure of asynchronous tasks, the sequencing within each task is independent of the one in the others. We refer to this notation as described in [HG92]. There are some predefined symbols for common user actions such as moving the cursor in the context of a specific graphical object ( X] or depressing ( and releasing ( of the button of the mouse; or for common system feedback such as highlight ( dehighlight ( display (Display(X) and ....

H.R.Hartson, P.D.Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, 1992, Vol.7, pp.1-45.

....interleaving between tasks. In summary, a sequence tree shows the possible migration of the user through an organized and constraint space of elementary tasks. In turn, elementary tasks are expressed in terms of the physical actions that the user can perform with input medias. A notation like UAN [13] can be used to specify the correspondence. Collecting behavioral data Recorded data correspond to the physical actions of the user. In an X Window environment, actions such as mouse clicks and key presses, are modelled as events. We have recorded them in a history file with additional ....

R. Hartson, P.D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, Laurence Erlbaum, vol. 7, No 1, pp. 1-45, 1992

....the result is unwieldy. In this section, the Object Z notation is modified to permit modelling of presentation aspects. It is shown that the modified Object Z has the same information content as the Object Z design given in section 5, but is more concise. The symbols introduced by Hartson et al. [13] for the UAN notation are used to define user actions to effect operations of the abstract interactor in terms of operations on widgets. A standard UAN task description gives the user actions to effect a task, the interface feedback for that operation and the change to the interface state. In our ....

H. R. Hartson. Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....but estimates of relative performance are less variable. 4.2 Formal system notations Formal and rigorous notations developed for system modelling have also been used for specifying interactive systems, and for evaluating usability. Palanque et al. 34] translate User Action Notation (UAN) [21] task specifications into equivalent models expressed as Petri nets and Interactive Cooperative Objects. The example they present is an automatic teller machine (ATM) and they identify temporal constraints that must be applied, for example, so that a user s card must be removed from the ATM before ....

H. R. Hartson. Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....these parameters are passed to the execution module. For each modality, a list of elementary events describes what information chunks can be expressed in that modality, and how. The latter information is used by the recognition modules to define vocabularies. In addition, User Action Notation [142] has been used to specify multimodal interfaces. ffl Multimodal Grammar Tools: 324] presents a toolkit for multimodal application development. The toolkit consists of a set of grammar tools that support the specification of multimodal applications using context free grammars, and the automatic ....

H.R. Hartson and P.D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....user actions. They were originally developed to model user performance and most do not have any provision for describing system actions. Siochi and Hartson s User Action Notation (UAN) is one language which also makes a contribution by specifying computer feedback and interface internal state[2,11]. However, UAN concentrates heavily on describing user actions and is not well adapted to describing software state. Specifying system responses to unexpected user actions is awkward. In addition, UAN s tabular notation does not readily show relationships between tasks. Another approach to ....

Hartson, H. Rex and Phillip D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 7, 1992, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 1-45.

....grammars and UAN take a user task point of view to specify command sequences. The operation of the system is organized into user tasks and the interface software is supposed to recognize sequences of user actions as a task. UAN includes support for specifying parallelism and other time dependencies[7, 11], and therefore, is better suited for specifying direct manipulation. The problem with the taskdescription strategy is that users don t always do exactly what the task description states. Thus, deriving a system from such a specification means that the translation tool must provide meaningful ....

....will apply. The second column in a UAN table describes the interface feedback. This is done with a text description of the changes such as display(ActiveHeat) This states that the image named ActiveHeat will be shown on the display. There are other feedback operators described in the references[10, 11, 12]. The third column in a UAN table is labeled interface state. This column specifies changes in state variables that are used in the preconditions described above. The variables represent state information about the user interface or the application. An example of this is Sw = OFF which assigns ....

Hartson, H. Rex and Phillip D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", HumanComputer Interaction, 1992, Vol. 7, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 1-45.

....or task as a structured composition which defines constraints on the order in which primitive events may occur. The notation introduced here is similar in style to the grammar based task description notation such as Task Action Grammar [17] Command Language Grammar [13] or User Action Notation [8]. The current approach, however, is based much more closely on (a subset of) the CSP [9] notation for the reason that the language is small and simple and the semantics are well defined. It should be noted, however, that this is not an attempt to define a fully fledged task description formalism, ....

H.R. Hartson and P.D. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

.... LOTOS and CSP can express temporal relationships by modelling a system in terms of processes which are able to synchronise with one other (for example, 1] UAN has an explicit set of operators which are to directly capture ideas such as interleavibility, interruptions, and order independence [11]. Languages may also use more implicit representations of temporal relationships to resolve some of the issues raised above. Jacob s specification language for directmanipulation interfaces [13] allows interleaving by the suspension and resumption of coroutines, each responsible for describing the ....

H.R. Hartson and P. Gray. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1--45, 1992.

....them unsuited for communicating interface behavior. Task description languages concentrate on describing user actions. They were originally developed to model user performance, and most do not have any provision for describing system actions. Siochi and Hartson s User Action Notation (UAN) 1989; Hartson and Gray, 1992] is one language which also makes a contribution by specifying computer feedback and the internal state of the interface. Another paper [Hartson et al. 1990] corrected a major shortcoming by adding a link to the application computation. However, UAN concentrates heavily on describing user actions ....

Hartson, H. R. and Gray, P. D. 1992. Temporal aspects of tasks in the user action notation.

....for a particular user, the interface may begin to classify those patterns. The interface may then be able to assign patterns to user traits, such as moods. The incorporation of temporal reasoning into this representation would allow the interface to predict user traits based on the stored patterns [41]. Research should be started into efficient ways for the meta level of intelligence to recognize when it is truely correct and incorrect about a prediction. Currently, the IIA only knows it has made an incorrect prediction if the user rejects that prediction. A more sophisticated intelligence may ....

Hartson, H. Rex and Philip D. Gray. "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation," Human Computer Interaction, 7 :1--45 (1992). BIB-3

....user actions. They were originally developed to model user performance and most do not provide any provision for describing system actions. Siochi and Hartson s User Action Notation (UAN) is one language which also makes a contribution by specifying computer feedback and interface internal state[2,10]. However, UAN concentrates heavily on describing user actions and is not well adapted to describing software state. Specifying system responses to unexpected user actions is awkward. In addition, UAN s tabular notation does not readily show relationships between tasks. Another approach to ....

Hartson, H. Rex and Phillip D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 7, 1992, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 1-45.

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H. R. Hartson. Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation. Human-Computer Interaction, 7:1-45, 1992.

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R. Hartson, P.D. Gray, "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, Laurence Erlbaum, vol. 7, No 1, pp. 1-45, 1992.

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Hartson R H & Gray P D (1992). Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation, Human-Computer interaction, vol. 7, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc, pp 1-45..

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H.R. Hartson and P.D. Gray. Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation. Human-Computer interaction, 7, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1992, pp. 1-45.

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H. Rex Hartson & Philip D. Gray (1992), "Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation", Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-45.

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