Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A. 1990: End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. CHI 90, Computer Human Interaction, Conference Proceedings, Seattle, Washinton, 183 - 191  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....TASKS After facing so many problems it becomes clear that the customization process is highly complex and can be extremely tedious for users. We feel that a contribution to participatory design during customization should start by categorizing and listing the usual customization tasks, s. also [2][10] This makes the effort transparent and can help clearing up management expectations being willed to follow blurring from the vendors side (hardly spoken) It can prevent the future system users from suffering the lack of necessary resources for customization. And it shows how many of these ....

Fischer, G., Girgensohn, A.: End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. In: Proceedings of CHI '90 (Seattle 1990), ACM Press.

....applications, on the other hand, have a greater potential for modifiability because they are built out of dynamic building blocks (software programs) that can be changed by rewriting the program code. RELATED WORK Programmable Applications Programmable applications [5] and design environments [6, 9] are classes of computational environments that give an end user support in modifying and extending these environments. Modifiability is supported by access to highlevel, domain oriented building blocks (analogous to LEGO bricks) and extensibility is supported by writing small programs in dynamic ....

Fischer, G., and Girgensohn, A. End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. Q...'prrqvt+ 's 8CD# (# (Seattle WA, April 1990), ACM Press, 183-19.

.... of multimedia annotations and reviews of the relevant literature can find them in the several cited papers that provide details of studies summarized in this paper [3] 4] 14] 15] Discussion in the HCI literature has largely centered on enabling end users to tailor their environments [8] 9][10][18] But several researchers have found that people do extremely little customization of their applications and systems [16] 17] As a result, providing the ability to tailor the interface increases the interface complexity as well as the development and maintenance cost, but does nothing to ....

Fischer, G. & Girgensohn, A., 1990. End-user modifiability in design environments. Proc. CHI'90, 183-191.

....arbitrary user interfaces built with Xit. This is not only useful for debugging but also for adapting the user interface of an application to specific needs at run time. Because the metasystem mainly works by menu selection and direct manipulation, this may be even performed by end users (cf. FischerGirgensohn 90] For a set of so called resource attributes of interaction objects, including position, size, border width, color, font, text, bitmaps, etc, a resource property editor has been added to the metasystem (figure 4) Modifications to a user interface performed with this editor can be saved on ....

G. Fischer and A. Girgensohn. End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings, pp. 183--191, Seattle, WA, April 1990.

....so that the existing operations are more effective. For example, 25, 32, 35, 42] provide expressive query languages and flexible matching, and [10] uses a rich knowledge base and a powerful inference technique to answer its queries. In some approaches, the user may customize the browsing system [29, 14], or enter into a dialogue with the system in order to select better operators[5] In other approaches, the user may refine the query, as in relevance feedback systems [22, 23] or query reformulation systems [16, 13, 25, 34, 40] Imposing structure on the library [35, 42] can also improve ....

Gerhard Fischer, A. Girgensohn. End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. Proceedings of CHI-90 (`Empowering People") 1990 pp 183--191 (1990)

....programs usable by non programmers, developers of design environments have adopted the model of direct manipulation applications. However, such systems are ultimately limited, as argued by Eisenberg (1991) The developers of Janus have recognized this and added an end user modification capability (Fischer, et al., 1990). Unfortunately, this capability is limited to certain components of the system and requires knowledge of Lisp. By contrast, the inference language described here pervades the intelligent hypermedia system, because it is embedded in its nodes and links, as well as formulating queries which control ....

Fischer, G., Girgensohn, A. (1990). End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA). New York: ACM.

....the degree to which a tool reflects properties of the problem domain. A general purpose tool is domain independent and therefore can be used for a large variety of problem domains. However, it may provide little support for an individual problem domain and inflict a large transformation distance [29]. 1.2.1. Control and Effort There is often a danger in getting trapped in a certain perspective on some issue after an extended exposure. A reader of this thesis has likely to have been exposed to some notion of programming in one way or another. In an attempt to gain common ground and to take a ....

.... Problem solving, on the one hand, requires flexible, general purpose mechanisms to explore the space of representations supporting the problem framing aspect of design [100] Domainorientation, on the other hand, empowers users by reducing the transformation distance between problem and tool [29]. An ideal construction paradigm should support the exploratory nature of problem solving, and, at the same time, be orientable toward problem domains. Layered Architectures One approach to deal with the domain orientation paradox of problem solving tools is by using a layered architecture ....

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Fischer, G. and A. Girgenson, "End-User Modifiability in Design Environments," CHI `90, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, 1990, pp. 183-191.

....learning time required for interacting with the views. The domain independent nature of our views lets authors use them in different contexts and allows readers to transfer their learning about the views to subsequent LiveDocs. Our LiveDoc framework provides a tailorable (see, for example, [6, 2]) and in context user interface where only the functionality pertinent to the presentation is exposed to the user. The functionality in the form of control widgets is provided in the appropriate location in the document, along with instructions and suggestions for their use. Placing interactive ....

G. Fischer and A. Girgensohn. End-user modifiability in design environments. In J.C. Chew and J. Whiteside, editors, CHI '90 Conference Proceedings, pages 183-- 192, New York NY, 1990. ACM.

....of techniques aimed at providing the user with the flexibility to cope with changing situations. Early examples include the scripting capabilities of the Buttons system in an office automation context (MacLean et al. 1990) and the tailorable domain oriented design environments advocated by Fischer and Girgensohn (1990). More systematically, Henderson and Kyng (1991) identify three types of tailoring or design in use: choosing between anticipated behaviors, as in setting the default font of a word processor; constructing new behaviors from existing pieces, e.g. recording and using macros; modifying the ....

Fischer, G., and Girgensohn, A. (1990). End-user modifiability in design environments. In Human factors in computing systems (CHI'90 Proceedings), pp. 183-191. New York: ACM Press.

....a controller to order his or her display according to the manual, we also immediately switch off this automatic ordering as soon as strips are manually re ordered. It is a common belief amongst developers of user interfaces that end user tailorability is essential. Indeed, Fischer and Girgensohn [4] state: End user modifiability is not a luxury, but a necessity in cases where systems do not fit a particular task, a particular style of working or a personal sense of aesthetics . While this may be true for applications designed for single user use, we do not think it valid for cooperative ....

Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A., 1990, `End-User Modifiability in Design Environments', Proceedings of CHI `90, (Seattle, Washington), ACM Press, 183-191.

....previous attempts to produce automated systems for ATC. A criticism of these attempts was that the systems locked controllers into a particular style of working which often conflicted with the controllers own views of the tasks they performed. In this sense, we agree with Fischer and Girgensohn [12] when they say: End user modifiability is not a luxury, but a necessity in cases where systems do not fit a particular task, a particular style of working or a personal sense of aesthetics (page 185) However, in C 2 environments it is often the case that information displays are shared by a ....

Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A., `End-user Modifiability in Design Environments', in Proceedings of CHI '90, Seattle, Wa., April 1990, ACM, pp 183-191

....criteria was suggested. It is clear that users had different requirements for presentation depending not only on their technical infrastructure but also the tasks they were performing and their individual preferences a situation which calls for a high level of individual tailoring flexibility [8]. 4.4. How shared is shared The shared space metaphor supported by BSCW allows users to store documents and other objects into a folder which can then be accessed by others. The access model which determines who can do what is very simple each member of a workspace has access to all ....

Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A., End-user modifiability in design environments, in Proceedings of CHI'90, ACM Press, Seattle, April, 1990, pp 183-191.

....airport, an arrival time which is inconsistent with the aircraft type, etc. They either correct these errors themselves or draw the controllers attention to them. It is a common belief amongst developers of user interfaces that end user tailorability is essential. Indeed, Fisher and Girgensohn [20] state: End user modifiability is not a luxury, but a necessity in cases where systems do not fit a particular task, a particular style of working or a personal sense of aesthetics . Air traffic controllers have certainly evolved individual styles of working so it would appear that an ATC system ....

Fischer, G. and A. Girgensohn. `End-user Modifiability in Design Environments', in Proc. CHI'90, 1990. Seattle, USA,

....work was very successful. The ethnographic studies of air traffic controllers, for example, revealed that cooperation involving at a glance understanding of other controller s displays was an essential part of the process. It showed us that the often stated requirement for user tailorability (Fischer and Girgensohn 1990) would be a dangerous facility to add to the system as controllers would need to take more time to understand other controller s displays. 2. Identification of process and data variability A central assumption which underlies conventional requirements engineering is that both processes and data ....

Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A. (1990). End-user Modifiability in Design Environments. CHI'90, Seattle, USA, ACM Press, 183-92.

....restored to any previous state to show the context of decisions at that time. Since textual and graphical annotations are also tracked historically, one can see how the annotations developed over time. 1. 4 INDY: Collaborative Local Area Network Design Based on previous work on design environments Fischer [1990], Fischer, McCall, Morch [1989] Lemke [1989] Nakakoji [1993] INDY is a computer based environment for local area network design. It supports design as drawing, constructing, and arguing issues, as well as the view of design as communication over time. Figure 1 2 shows a screen image of INDY. ....

....and understand the feedback that the artifacts and collaborators provide. This chapter describes three resources from which my approach to supporting collaborative design is drawn. They are 1) Schoen s analysis of theory in practice [Schoen 83; Schoen 92] 2) Cooperative Problem Solving Systems [Fischer 1990], LemkeFischer 1990] Fischer 1992a] and 3) Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) Greif 88] These resources provide a framework in which collaborative design is viewed as Communication over Time, and is thus best supported via computational media which mediate both the design of a ....

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G. Fischer, A. Girgensohn, End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA), ACM, New York, April 1990, pp. 183-191.

....editing MOG objects presentation attributes and resuming execution with the new user interface configuration. Even where participative design (Norman 1986) methodologies are employed, end user modifiability is a fundamental user requirement and MOG based user interfaces support this directly (Fischer 1990): End user modifiability is not a luxury, but a necessity in cases where systems do not fit a particular task, a particular style of working or a personal sense of aesthetics. The MOG objects editing mode which permits suspended time editing is called user config mode. As an example of its ....

Fischer, G., Girgensohn, A. (1990) End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, in Proc CHI'90, ACM Press.

....the range of applications which can be derived from it. 1. 5 Flexibility and Tailorability in HCI As CSCW development was progressing, questions of openness and customisation of system behaviour had already become an important research issue in HCI generally (see, for example, Trigg et al. 1987; Fischer and Girgensohn, 1990; Mackay, 1990; MacLean et al. 1990) By and large, the focus of these investigations was on tailorability that is, the ways in which applications could be customised to accommodate individual differences between members of a user community. Since this work tends to make customisation ....

Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A. (1990). "End-User Modifiability in Design Environments", in Proc. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems CHI'90 (Seattle, Washington).

....systems as computers become widely accessible to people from various backgrounds. The user interface of a system is often the yardstick by which that system is judged (Sommerville 1992, 262) A well designed user interface will improve the users work performance and enhance their environments (Fischer and Girgensohn 1990). SampleTalk was designed to be a highly interactive system. The interface will affect its performance and usability. The goal of interface design is to achieve a natural humancomputer interaction and keep the dialogue between man and machine smooth. The interface of SampleTalk consists of a ....

Fischer, G. and A. Girgensohn. 1990. End-user modifiability in design environments.

....systems invariably lead to large information spaces. They contain many classes of objects, making it likely that an object close to what is needed exists. However, without adequate system support in the design process, it is difficult to locate and understand appropriate objects [16], 17] 37] The richer the knowledge base is, the more expensive to access it, in terms of both computational and cognitive costs. Our interest is to reduce this cognitive cost in dealing with a huge amount of knowledge stored in the environment and to focus the selection and. use of knowledge ....

....ignoring end user modifiability will be spent several times over during the system s lifetime. Several principles for making systems end user modifiable have been identified during the development of MODIFIER and its integration and evaluation with the other systems implemented with our approach [16], 19] 22] These principles, discussed below, include layered architectures, parameterization, explanations, task agendas, and critics. Design environments and design artifacts created in such Layered architectures have been used successfully in many environments are both software systems. ....

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G. Fischer and A. Girgensohn, "End-user modifiability in design environments, " in Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI'90 Conf.

....how it can be effectively applied to enhance human computer interaction. In the remainder of this paper, the term critiquing will refer to computer based critiquing systems. 4 2.2. Applying Computer Based Critiquing to Design Our design environments are cooperative problem solving systems [Fischer, 1990 #14] in which the computer system helps users design solutions themselves as opposed to having an expert system design solutions for them. As illustrated in Figure 1, critiquing is integral to cooperative problem solving systems. The core task of critics is to recognize and communicate debatable ....

....more relevant advice. d. No support for different individual perspectives. It is not possible to anticipate all the knowledge necessary for a critiquing system to say the right thing in every design situation. Design domains are continually evolving as new knowledge is gained. JANUS MODIFIER [Fischer, 1990 #240] was developed 8 to respond to this problem by making the domain knowledge (including critics) end user modifiable. But being able to add new knowledge is not sufficient; different users must be able to organize and manage design knowledge and critics to reflect their perspectives on ....

G. Fischer, A. Girgensohn, End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, In the Proceedings of CHI'90 (Seatle, WA.), ACM Press, 1990, pp. 183-191.

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G. Fischer, A. Girgensohn, End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA), ACM, New York, April 1990, pp. 183-191.

....D 3 and not D 4 domain represents concepts in the Gerhard Fischer 8 UMUAI: 10 th Anniversary Issue users mental model that they expect to exist, although they do not exist in the actual system. End user modification and programming support is needed to empower users to add this functionality [Fischer Girgensohn, 1990]. As the functionality of HFAs increases to D 4 , little is gained for users unless there are mechanisms to help them relate the additional functionality to their needs. Most users do not want to become technical experts they just want to get their tasks done. The area of D 4 that is not part of ....

Fischer, G. & Girgensohn, A. (1990) "End-User Modifiability in Design Environments." In Human Factors in Computing Systems, (CHI'90) (Seattle, WA), ACM, New York, pp. 183-191.

....such as appliances. Critics [3] in JANUS apply their design knowledge to critique the designer s partial solutions. User studies were helpful in improving several prototypes of MODIFIER. General principles for achieving end user modifiability have also been refined and extended in these studies [2, 6, 7]. The studies provided new insights about the requirements for explanations that are given during modification tasks. It is also apparent that systemmaintained task agendas and critics can guide users through modification tasks. Unsolved problems such as the need for a clear indication for the ....

Fischer, G. and A. Girgensohn. End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. in Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA). 1990. New York: ACM.

....sense that they are interacting with the domain itself rather than with low level computer abstractions. An ideal is that problem experts can manipulate software components directly, bypassing computer software developers who heretofore have acted as middle men; systems become end user modifiable (Fischer Girgensohn, 1990). In the example, managers in a steel mill would be able to configure the complete monitoring systems themselves, selecting among concepts (classes) such as Analog Thermometer or Digital Thermometer. This kind of human computer interaction is termed human problem domain communication (Fischer ....

....1988) emphasize that classes must be designed for reuse and offer guidelines to promote reusability, none of the popular OO methods emphasizes this point. Reuse is not something tacked on at the end of software development; it must be integrated throughout the evolutionary development process (Fischer Girgensohn, 1990). 4.2. Beyond Object Orientation Reuse and redesign are key aspects of our model of OO development (Figure 1) The observations of the preceding section illustrate several difficulties with respect to reuse. First, locating reusable components in a high functionality environment (computer based ....

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Fischer, G., & Girgensohn, A. (1990). End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. In Proceedings of Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 (Seattle, WA), ACM, New York, April, 183-191.

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Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A. 1990: End-User Modifiability in Design Environments. CHI 90, Computer Human Interaction, Conference Proceedings, Seattle, Washinton, 183 - 191

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Fisc90 Fischer, G., Girgensohn, A.: End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, in Proc CHI'90, ACM Press, 1990.

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Fischer, G. and Girgensohn, A., 1990, `End-User Modifiability in Design Environments', Proc. CHI '90, (Seattle, Washington), ACM Press, 183-191.

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