SHEPARD,R.N.AND METZLER, J. 1971. Mental rotations of three-dimensional objects. Science 171, 3972, 701--703.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....complexity are (1) number of primitives required to make the shape, 2) whether subtracting primitives are next to each other, and (3) hidden contours. Timing Results Overall, subjects required the most time for top views, as shown in Figure 5. This is likely because a larger mental rotation [5] is required to align top views with a 3D view as compared with front and right views. T iming by Subject Number and View Orientation 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Subject # time trial (s) F R T Figure 5: Average trial times for front (F) right (R) and top (T) 2D ....

Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J., "Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects", Science, 171: 701-703, 1971.

....they are isolated by a mechanism akin to how the brain stem cuts off signals to the body during dreaming. Psychological evidence indicates that visualization is true to reality. Mentally ro tating an object takes as much time to perform as would be required to rotate the object in reality [27]. Thus visual hallucination simulates reality not in an abbrevi ated, symbolic fashion but with high physical fidelity. The goal of VISUALIZE is to partially model human visualization. It takes as input a sentence, given in LCS, and produces as output an image or movie (series of images) ....

Roger N. Shepard and Jacqueline Metzler. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 1971.

....had to decide if both images in a pair were of the same 3 D object or if they were mirror image. The decision time depended on the angle of rotation. In A, the images differ by a rotation in the plane of the figure; in B, by a 3 D rotation; in C, by a rotation combined with a symmetry. From Shepard, 1971). 66 Figure 11.14: Stimuli used by Lynn Cooper: the time to decide if two shapes are the same or mirror images depends solely on the angle of rotation, not on the complexty of the shapes. From Cooper, 1975) The many levels of thought Very generally, it is well admitted that thinking can be ....

....is another, hard wired, scale of abstraction, at a lower level, and with a finite number of ladders. Most evidence from cognitive psychology concurs to argue that representations in that scale are being used for solving particular problems. The most famous tasks are Shepard s mental rotation (Shepard Metzler, 1971; Cooper, 1975) and Kosslyn s mental scanning 67 Figure II.15: The Treasure Island map of Steve Kosslyn: subjects were asked to mentally travel from one landmark to another. Their time was found proportional to the distance between the two landmarks. From Kosslyn, 1973) task (Kosslyn, 1973) ....

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Shepard, R. & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three- dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701:703.

.... recognition tinhe: response latency depends on the viewpoint in an orderly fashion, growing monotonically with misori entation relative to the nearest canonical view ( 4,6] see Figure 2) This dependency of response tinhe on misorientation resembles the celebrated finding by Shepard and Metzler [8] of a class of phenomena that became known as nhental rotation (see for an overview) In Shepard s experiments the task was to determine whether two simultaneously The explanation of mental rotation in terms of an analog process in volving continuous transformation of internal representations, ....

R. N. Shepard and J. Metzler. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171:701 703, 1971.

....robust algorithms. One of the more difficult problems to be solved involves the requirement of invariance with respect to object rotation. Current understanding of the human animal perceptual system suggests that biological systems do not perform recognition that is rotation invariant [16]. Rather, they rotate the images of objects to be compared or recognized to similar positions and then perform pattern matching. We took a similar approach in our algorithm. Under the planar scene assumption, the first step of the algorithm consists of the calibration of the map representation. ....

Shepard, R. and Meltzer, J. Mental rotations of threedimensional objects. Science, 17(1 1971): 701-3.

....that our difficulty in building stone walls, and in performing abstract 3D tasks in general, results from a distinction between creating and manipulating images (or objects) versus mentally conjuring images and mentally transforming them. For example, the Shepard Metzler mental rotation study [151] suggests that for some classes of objects, people must mentally envision a rigid body 1. Ivan Sutherland suggested this distinction between understanding 3D and experiencing 3D in the Fall of 1993. Also, Fred Brooks included this idea in his 1988 review paper where he observes that 3D ....

Shepard, R. N., Metzler, J., "Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects," Science, Vol. 171, 1971, pp. 701-703.

....77 94 Corresponding author. LPPA, College de France, 11 pl. Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France. Tel. 33 1 44271147; 33 1 44271425; e mail: wexler cdf lppa.in2p3.fr 1. Mental image transformation and motor action By charting the time course of image processing, Shepard and co workers (Shepard and Metzler, 1971; Cooper and Shepard, 1973) showed convincingly that mental imagery is amenable to scientific study. The transformation of objects in mental images, especially their rotation, but also translation and zooming, have been most actively studied (e.g. see Kosslyn, 1980; Shepard and Cooper, 1982) Two ....

....positron emission tomography (PET) to study mental rotation of hands. They found activation of supplementary motor cortex and the superior premotor areas, as well as motor related parietal regions. In addition, Cohen et al. 1996) used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the original Shepard and Metzler (1971) task, and report activation in premotor area 6 (in half 79 M. Wexler et al. Cognition 68 (1998) 77 94 the subjects) hand somatosensory cortex, areas 7a and 7b (all subjects) and area 8 (88 of the subjects) SMA was also activated in some participants. Most recently, Kosslyn et al. 1998) ....

Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J., 1971. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171, 701--703.

....primitives beyond a certain level. Furthermore, it would mean that some parts of the object do not participate in the mental representation of the object and that they could be removed. However, selecting exactly which part can be ignored remains difficult in the general case. Shepard and Metzler [5] showed the existence of prototypical orientations called canonical views in which mental representation of objects are stored in the brain (except for non realistic objects) When a user is presented with an object to identify, he performes a mental rotation until the orientation of the new ....

R. Shepard and J. Metzler. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, (171):701--703, 1971.

....1996#. In order to explore these issues, wehavedeveloped a framework for coding and working with spatial imagery called Spatial Transformations. Spatial Transformations are cognitive operations that a scientist performs on a visualization. Sample spatial transformations are mental rotation #e.g. Shepard Metzler, 1971#, creating a mental image, modifying that mental image by adding or deleting features to or from it, time series progression prediction, mentally moving an object, mentally transforming a 2D view into a 3D view #or vice versa#, comparisons between di#erent views #Kosslyn, Sukel, Bly, 1999#, and ....

Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. #1971#. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701-703.

.... three dimensional; for example the same mental scanning results are obtained in depth as in 2D (Pinker, 1980) and the phenomenon of mental rotation one of the most popular demonstrations of visual imagery is indifferent as to whether rotation occurs in the plane of the display or in depth (Shepard Metzler, 1971). Should we then expect to find three dimensional displays in the visual cortex The retinotopic organization of the visual cortex is not threedimensional in the way required (e.g. to explain scanning and rotation in depth) The spatial properties of the perceived world are not reflected in a ....

Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701-703.

....were just moving too fast. An informal test of the limiting tracking speed at different eccentricities suggested that the limit was in terms of revolutions per second, not degrees of visual angle per second. Interestingly, this rate is in the range reported for mental rotation tasks (Cooper, 1976; Shepard Metzler, 1971) where an internal model of an object is assumed to be rotated mentally. Low level motion. What is the role of low level motion in tracking objects Low level and high level motion systems should respond in tandem for the majority of stimuli. A moving object may first trigger a low level response ....

Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects.

....maintaining internal constraints. The efficiency of these procedures often determines whether using a specialized language is appropriate. Below, we will encounter examples of this approach in spatial reasoning and qualitative physics. 2. 3 Operational Correspondence In a classic experiment, Shepard and Meltzer (1971) studied the rotation of a mental image. They concluded that when people try to determine whether or not two pictures display the same physical object under a different rotation, the mental image of the object used by the human subjects goes through a number intermediate states corresponding to ....

Shepard, R.N. and Meltzer, J. (1971). "Mental Rotation of Three Dimensional Objects." Science, 171, 701--703.

....the debate has been framed is coupled with a methodological objection. The main thrust of argument seeking to establish imagistic representations has been the collection of data which shows processing time profiles which are continuous with some property of the situation represented (for example, Shepard and Metzler 1971). With this approach, internal imagery is investigated by presenting external visual images for processing. From our stance, this approach is misguided. The important computationally relevant property of graphics imagery is its specificity. Imagery forces the representation of certain information. ....

Shepard, R. N. and Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701--703.

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SHEPARD,R.N.AND METZLER, J. 1971. Mental rotations of three-dimensional objects. Science 171, 3972, 701--703.

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Shepard, R. N. and Metzler, J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 3972 (1971), 701-703.

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Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J. Mental rotation of threedimensional objects. Science, 171, (1971), 701-703.

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Shepard, R. & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of threedimensional objects. Science, 171, 701:703.

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Shepard, R., Metzler, J., Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects, Science, 171 1971, pp. 701703.

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Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J., Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects, Science, 171 (1971) 701-703.

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Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J. Mental rotation of threedimensional objects. Science, 171, (1971), 701-703.

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R.N. Shepard, and J. Metzler, "Mental rotation of threedimensional objects", Science, 1971, vol. 171, pp. 701-703.

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Shepard, R. N. & Metzler, J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science. 171(972), 701-3 (1971).

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Shepard, R.N.; Metzler, J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171:701--703; 1971.

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R.N. Shepard and J. Metzler, "Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects," Science, Vol. 171, pp. 701-703, 1971. 124

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Shepard R N, and Metzler J, 1971, "Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects", Science, 171, 701-703.

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