Drucker, S. M. and D. Zeltzer (1994). Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94, Banff, Alberta, Canada.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....the wheel and have a full navigation control. Although many intelligent user interfaces have been proposed in the literature, most of them are not for 3D manipulation[14] 16] Exceptions include using motion planning techniques to provide task level controls. For example, Drucker and Zeltzer [4] argue that a task level viewpoint control is crucial for exploring virtual scenes such as virtual museums since users should be allowed to concentrate on scene viewing instead of being distracted by low level navigation controls. Li, et al. 12] 13] also proposed an auto navigation system capable ....

S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, "Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment," Graphics Interface'94, pp. 190-199, 1994.

....the problem is such that the potential for occlusion is not addressed and when the constraints are not satisfiable the approximate solution can always be found, but may well be useless. 2.2.6. 2 CINEMA A generalised version of the approach of Blinn was developed by Drucker [Drucker et al. 1992] [Drucker and Zeltzer, 1994] [Drucker and Zeltzer, 1995] Drucker, 1994] In Drucker s system the desired image is defined by two sets of functions the first are constraints that must be met and the second are objectives which have to be minimised. The resulting constrained optimisation problem is passed to an optimisation ....

....not addressed and when the constraints are not satisfiable the approximate solution can always be found, but may well be useless. 2.2.6. 2 CINEMA A generalised version of the approach of Blinn was developed by Drucker [Drucker et al. 1992] Drucker and Zeltzer, 1994] Drucker and Zeltzer, 1995] [Drucker, 1994]. In Drucker s system the desired image is defined by two sets of functions the first are constraints that must be met and the second are objectives which have to be minimised. The resulting constrained optimisation problem is passed to an optimisation package called C Code for Feasible Sequential ....

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Drucker, S. M. and Zeltzer, D. (1994). Intelligent camera control for virtual environments. In Graphics Interface '94, pages 190--200. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

....and perhaps even life like. As the complexity of the images increased, the ability to guide the viewer s attention became necessary. Researchers turned to the art of cinematography to come up with methods for dynamically creating animations that steered the viewpoint through intricate 3D displays[1, 2]. While these tools can be useful to highlight important features to a nave viewer, some tasks require self exploration. Some interactive visualizations allow the user to manipulate the viewpoint in order to survey the environment. 3D viewpoint motion control has been the subject of intense ....

Drucker, S.M. and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment. in Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94. 1994. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

....which is a roadmap approach, the shortest path from x to y is computed. Another field of research deals with the presentation of predefined goals under consideration of rules for good camera views and constraints stating which object has to be viewed in which manner. Drucker and Zeltzer [4] model the methods used by a film director: logic based constraints are defined which govern good views on the scene. With this information optimal camera positions are calculated, and with the A algorithm a path is generated. In [6] idioms and in [8] a precalculated action plan for camera ....

S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Proc. of Graphics Interface, pages 190--199, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1994. Canadian Information Processing Society.

....to lists, requires prior specific permission and or a fee. IUI 01, January 14 17, 2001, Sante Fe, New Mexico. Copyright 2001 ACM 1 58113 325 1 01 0001. 5.00. Intelligent visualization researchers have built systems for automatic explanation generation, intelligent tutoring, and other tasks [10, 20, 8, 9, 14, 3, 4], relying on many of the same sources we use. The requirements for our work differ in some ways from these efforts, however: the assistant and the user observe an external process, each able to guide it but without complete control; camera manipulation is viewed as a means of explicit ....

Drucker, S., and Zelter, D. 1994. Intelligent camera con-trol in a virtual environment. In Proceedings Graphics Interface '94, 190-199.

....to compute the camera velocity from the desired motion of the virtual points in the image. The image Jacobian is considered only for point features. Interesting attempts to solve the introduction of constraints received great attention in both computer vision (e.g. 19] and computer graphics [4] community. The resulting solutions are often similar. Each constraints is defined mathematically as a function of the camera parameters (location and orientation) to be minimized using deterministic (gradient approaches) or stochastic (simulated annealing) optimization processes. These approaches ....

....in view (i.e. to avoid occlusions) while considering on line the modifications of the environment (i.e. other moving objects) We do not address in this paper the definition of the target trajectory. Finding a path for the target is a planning problem on its own. Solutions are proposed in, e.g. [4][11] Most of these approaches are based on a global path planning strategy (usually based on potential field approach) In this example, we consider a focusing task wrt. an image centered virtual sphere that has to be centered in the image. This task constrains 3 d.o.f of the virtual camera ....

S.M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Graphics Interface'94, pages 190--199, Banff, Canada, 1994.

.... visibility information can be used for geometry culling in interactive 3D graphics such as building walkthrough [19] or it can be used to facilitate illumination computation [18] In computer animation, a camera can be controlled to satisfy constraints such as fixing points in a image space[2] or be directed in real time according to the film idioms (heuristics) commonly used in Cinematography[6] The issue of intelligent camera control has also been addressed in [2] 13] to enable task level control of a virtual camera in a virtual world. In robotics, the general motion planning ....

.... [18] In computer animation, a camera can be controlled to satisfy constraints such as fixing points in a image space[2] or be directed in real time according to the film idioms (heuristics) commonly used in Cinematography[6] The issue of intelligent camera control has also been addressed in [2][13] to enable task level control of a virtual camera in a virtual world. In robotics, the general motion planning problems are described in [9] On line motion planning for two robot arms has also been considered in [12] but not for visibility computation. Visibility planning considers the ....

S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, "Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment," Graphics Interface '94, pp. 190-199, 1994.

....positions. In this paper, by contrast, we are concerned with real time camera placement as the interactively controlled action proceeds. A number of other systems concentrate on finding the best camera placement when interactive tasks are performed [8, 14, 16] In particular, Drucker et al. [4, 5, 6] show how to set up the optimal camera positions for individual shots by solving small constrained optimization problems. For efficiency reasons, in the real time setting we select shots from a small set of possible camera specifications so that camera positions can be computed using closed form ....

....due to unexpected occlusions, or they may miss a critical action due to minimum length shot constraints. Some of these issues can be resolved by redesigning the idioms in the current structure. We are also looking into incorporating simple constraint solvers, such as the ones proposed by Drucker [4, 5, 6] and Gleicher and Witkin [8] In addition, we would like to expand the input to the VC to include such ancillary information as the emotional state of the scene or of individual actors. For example, if the situation is tense, faster cuts might be made, or if one actor is scared, the camera might ....

Steven M. Drucker and David Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94, pages 190--199, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 1994. Canadian Information Processing Society.

....Conventional interface design guidance is only partially applicable to VEs and does not cover the range of issues that arise in VE interaction. There is little usability guidance specifically for VEs and only fragmentary knowledge of some user issues, such as perception, orientation and wayfinding [2,3,9]. This paper reports work towards guidance for VE usability. Modelling of interactive behaviour was used to understand the information and usability requirements of a user. A set of required design properties for successful interaction were defined and tested in empirical studies. 2 MODELS OF ....

Drucker S.M. and Zeltzer D. (1994). Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In: Graphics Interface '94 conference, Banff, Alberta, 1994. Proceedings. Toronto: Canadian Information Processing Society, pp. 190-199.

....take the wheel and have a full navigation control. Although many intelligent user interfaces have been proposed in the literature, most of them are not for 3D manipulation. 13] 15] Exceptions include using motion planning techniques to provide tasklevel controls. For example, Drucker and Zeltzer [4] argue that a task level viewpoint control is crucial for exploring virtual scenes such as virtual museums since the users should be allowed to concentrate on scene viewing instead of be distracted by low level navigation controls. Li, et al. 11] 12] also proposed an auto navigation system ....

S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, "Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment," Graphics Interface '94, pp. 190-199, 1994.

....in turn, combined into even higher level interfaces. By clearly specifying what specific tasks need to be accomplished at a particular unit of time, a wide variety of interfaces can be easily constructed. This technique has already been successfully applied to interactions within a Virtual Museum [Drucker94a] 2. Related Work Ware and Osborne [Ware90] described several different metaphors for exploring 3D environments including scene in hand, eyeball in hand, and flying vehicle control metaphors. All of these use a 6 DOF input device to control the camera position in the virtual environment. ....

....not concentrate on methods for satisfying multiple constraints on the camera position, this is an important part of the overall camera framework we outline here. For a more complete reference, see [Drucker94b] An earlier form of the current system was applied to the domain of a Virtual Museum [Drucker94a] This document was created with FrameMaker 4.0.2 3. CamDroid System Design This framework is a formal specification for many different types of camera control. The central notion of this framework is that camera placement and movement is usually done for particular reasons, and that those ....

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Drucker, S. M. and D. Zeltzer (1994). Intelligent Camera Control for Virtual Environments. Graphics Interface '94.

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Drucker, S. M. and D. Zeltzer (1994). Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment. Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94, Banff, Alberta, Canada.

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S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, "Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment, " in Proc. Graphics Interface, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1994.

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S. Drucker, D. Zeltzer. "Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment." Graphics Interface '94. 190-- 199 Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society. (May 1994).

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S.M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Graphics Interface'94, pages 190--199, Banff, Canada, 1994.

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Drucker, S.M., & Zeltzer, D. (1994). Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. Graphics Interface. p. 190-199.

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Steven M. Drucker and David Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Graphics Interface '94, pages 190--199, May 1994.

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Steven M. Drucker and David Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94, pages 190--199, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 1994. Canadian Information Processing Society.

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S.M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Graphics Interface'94, pages 190--199, Banff, Canada, 1994.

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S.M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Graphics Interface'94, pages 190--199, Banff, Canada, 1994.

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Steven M. Drucker and David Zeltzer. Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment. Proceedings Graphics Interface '94, pp. 190-199, 1994.

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S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, \Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment," in Proc. of Graphics Interface, pp. 190-199, Canadian Information Processing Society, (Ban, Alberta, Canada), 1994.

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S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94, pages 190--199, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 1994. Canadian Information Processing Society. 2, 3

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Drucker, S.M. and D. Zeltzer. Intelligent Camera Control in a Virtual Environment.in Proceedings of Graphics Interface '94. 1994. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

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S. M. Drucker and D. Zeltzer, "Intelligent camera control in a virtual environment", in Proc. of Graphics Interface, (Banff, Alberta, Canada), pp. 190--199, Canadian Information Processing Society, (1994).

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