| Bernhardt, B., & Stemberger, J. (1998). Handbook of phonological development. From the perspective of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. San Diego: Academic Press. |
.... above faithfulness constraints, that is, of constraints demanding maximally well formed structures above constraints demanding a match between the lexical input and the surface output (e.g. Demuth 1995, Gnanadesikan 1995, Levelt 1995, Pater and Paradis 1996, Barlow 1997, Goad 1997, Pater 1997, Bernhardt and Stemberger 1998). A tableau exemplifying one of the effects of the early domination of faithfulness by a structural constraint is provided in (1) The leftmost column shows the lexical form, or input, labeled as L, and candidate surface forms, or outputs, labeled as S 1 , S 2 , S 3 . ################### L: ....
....Hale and Reiss (1998) yield perfect comprehension, they cannot formalize this receptive development. Of course, one might claim that the observed receptive failures reflect a performance, rather than a competence problem (if there is a principled way of making such distinctions in this area; cf. Bernhardt and Stemberger 1998). In that respect, parallels between phonological reductions in early comprehension, early production, and language typology are particularly interesting. To the extent that these domains are governed by similar principles, the goal of reductionism, and arguably explanation, is best met by ....
Bernhardt, Barbara and Joseph Stemberger. 1998. Handbook of Phonological Development. San Diego: Academic.
....and considering the network s utterance correct if the best matching adult utterance was one of the 20 instances of the word. Much of the most important evidence on the nature of phonological development comes from an analysis of children s speech errors (Ingram, 1976; Menn, 1983; Smith, 1973; see Bernhardt Stemberger, 1997, for review) Although a comprehensive account of the systematicity and variability of child speech errors remains a long term goal of the current approach, an initial attempt can be made by examining the nature of Plaut and Kello The Emergence of Phonology the network s errors in ....
Bernhardt, B. H., & Stemberger, J. P. (1997). Handbook of phonological development. New York: Academic Press.
....as examplified in (1) 1) elephant olifAnt [olwant] Maarten, 1;10.19) The truncation patterns have been extensively studied: most existing models account for truncations in terms of children s linguistic (i.c. prosodic) competence (i.a. Fikkert, 1994; Demuth, 1995; Gerken, 1996; Pater, 1997; Bernhardt Stemberger, 1998). These models make two crucial predictions: 1. Truncation patterns are explained as a way to accommodate words into prosodic templates, which are determined by children s (limited) knowledge of the prosodic regularities of the language. The initial rhythmic template is defined as a trochaic ....
Bernhardt, B., & Stemberger, J. (1998). Handbook of phonological development. From the perspective of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. San Diego: Academic Press.
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