Treisman, A.M., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15--48.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....from any fragment. This tremendous redundancy makes rings robust against various types of mutilation, such as cropping at the window border or partial occlusion by other rings. Furthermore, humans are efficient at searching for lines of higher curvature among lines of lesser curvature [18]. Thus the rings provide an advantage in searching for closer off screen locations. This can be expected to have a positive impact on task completion time for many tasks striving for path length minimization, such as the search for the closest gas station on a map. Halo implements a modified ....

Treisman, A. and Gormican, S. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95(1):15--48.

....above a threshold that changes according to the person s needs. The part of attention involving high level processing is now called late selection. Starting in 1960, Treisman proposed a series of models that combined early and late selection into a model known as Feature Integration Theory (FIT) [Treisman, 1988]. In FIT, features (colors, shapes, and contrasts) are recognized in parallel and stored in feature maps. 14 A three dimensional location map independently stores pointers to locations of all features. Objects are then recognized as conjunctions of features. Currently, Treisman and others believe ....

Treisman, A. and S. Gormican (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: evidence from search asymmetries, Psychology Review95 :15-48.

....step that chooses a single attention point from the multiple suggestions of the tasks. The criteria for this total selection should be the priorities of tasks themselves, the efficiency with which the tasks can be carried out, and so on. The feature integration model proposed by Treisman et al. (Treisman 1988) is an example of a mechanism to provide this selection of gaze point for multiple tasks. Under this model, candidates for the next gaze point which are concurrently extracted by low level image processing are accumulated on a two dimensional map called the attention map, then the selection of the ....

Treisman, A. & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature Analysis in Early Vision: Evidence from Search Asymmetries, Psychological Review, vol.95, no.1, 15-48.

....task the candidate of the next gaze point is selected, the actual next gaze pointhave to be selected from those candidates based on particular criteria, suchasthe priorities of tasks themselves, the efficiency to do all tasks and so on. The feature integration model proposed byTraisman et al. [18] is an example to provide such mechanism to select the next gaze point for multiple tasks. Under the model, the candidates of the next gaze point which are concurrently extracted bylow level image processing are accumulated on a two dimensional map called attention map, then the selection of the ....

A. Treisman and S. Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision : Evidence from search asymmetries. Psycological Review,vol.95,no.1:15--48, 1988.

....grouping edges on the basis of local smoothness measures fail to compute complete contours in natural images: it appears that a stronger global constraint is required. Motivated by growing evidence that the human visual system exploits contour closure for the purposes of perceptual grouping [6, 7, 14, 15, 25], we present an algorithm for computing highly closed bounding contours from images. Unlike previous algorithms [11, 18, 26] no restrictions are placed on the type of structure bounded or its shape. Contours are represented locally by tangent vectors, augmented by image intensity estimates. ....

.... by these studies, algorithms have been developed to apply continuity, cocircularity and smoothness constraints to organize local edges into extended contours [2, 10,17,19,22,24] However, despite persuasive psychophysical demonstrations of the role of contour closure in perceptual organization [6, 7, 14, 15, 25], closure constraints for computer vision algorithms have been largely ignored (although see [1, 11] This is surprising, since existing algorithms, while capable of producing extended chains of edges, are seldom successful in grouping complete contours. Closure is a potentially powerful cue that ....

A. Treisman and S. Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychol. Rev., 95:15--48, 1988.

....image. To surmount this problem, we employed artificial images composed of fragmented outline figures and sparse textures to decouple boundary and region information and assess their individual psychophysical effects. In Section 2, we employ a visual search methodology (Treisman Gelade, 1980; Treisman Gormican, 1988; Cave Wolfe, 1990; Enns Rensink, 1990; He Nakayama, 1992) to measure response time for distinguishing a fragmented target shape in a field of fragmented distractor shapes. The role of putative grouping cues in speeding fragment integration is then assessed by measuring their effect on ....

Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychol. Rev., 95, 15--48.

.... the spotlight of attention selects locations in a separate master map , iii) feature maps are updated preattentively and their contents are not directly available to conscious awareness, iv) conscious access is possible only through the spot light and the master map (Treisman Gelade, 1980; Treisman, 1988). The theory is not very computational and the information flow between feature and master maps remains somewhat vague. The main predictions of the theory are that (i) visual search for a unique feature is parallel (constant with display size) because the activity distribution in the appropriate ....

....time (RT) is independent of the number of items in the display. However, this criterion cannot be used to provide empirical support for FIT, since parallel search for features is one of the theory s main predictions (circular reasoning ) An independent diagnostic are search asymmetries (Treisman and Gormican, 1988). When targets and non targets in a visual search tasks are exchanged, visual search performance often changes too (e.g. it is easier to search for a curved line among straight distractors than for a straight line among curved distractors) Since the difference between target and C. Koch, CNS186: ....

Treisman, A. and Gormican (1988) Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychol. Rev. 95: 15-48.

....been termed blobs and limbs. To our knowledge, no psychophysical studies have directly sought to compare the significance or saliency of shapes such as these. Some related studies on humans have been made to examine the speed of response in a variety of visual search tasks. Results presented in [14] indicate several preferences in visual search tasks. In [14] target and distractor shapes consisted of line contours only. One psychophysical experiment demonstrated that finding an ellipse in a field of circles was performed faster than the reverse task when all shapes enclosed the same area. ....

....studies have directly sought to compare the significance or saliency of shapes such as these. Some related studies on humans have been made to examine the speed of response in a variety of visual search tasks. Results presented in [14] indicate several preferences in visual search tasks. In [14], target and distractor shapes consisted of line contours only. One psychophysical experiment demonstrated that finding an ellipse in a field of circles was performed faster than the reverse task when all shapes enclosed the same area. This result might suggest a tendency to perceive elliptical ....

A. Treisman and S. Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95(1):15--48, 1988.

.... has been identified as an important feature to reconstruct properties like object shape or relative depth from twodimensional gray scale images [6, 9] This coincides with the assumption that curvature is processed by a separate channel in human early vision, just like contours or contrast [23, 2, 3]. The process of early vision is assumed to be divided into vision modules [15] that are evaluated independently in almost completely separate pathways [21, 5, 10] This motivates to study how artificial neural networks can be used to mimic the operation of some of these putative modules. In ....

.... vision in the seventies [15] It assumes that different vision qualities like contours, contrast, shading, texture, or motion are evaluated independently in almost completely separate pathways [21, 5, 10] Curvature is supposed to be processed by such a separate channel in early vision, too [23, 2, 3]. Methods to reconstruct a three dimensional scene from single features are known as shape from X methods [6, 8, 1, 9] Usually, they lead to so called illposed problems since the mapping of a three dimensional image onto a gray scale (contour, texture, image has no unique inversion. A ....

A. Treisman and S. Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95:15--48, 1987. This article was processed using the L a T E X macro package with LLNCS style

....(Gigerazer and Murray, 1987) have discussed several examples of such slippery transformations in cognitive psychology; visual search provides another. The insidious transformation from tools to theory is hardly perceptible, hence dicult to resist. Take Treisman s own excellent exposition of FIT (Treisman and Gormican, 1988) for an illustration. Although visual search tasks is used early in the text, Treisman is careful to depict the task impartially as one in which we ask subjects to nd a target item (p. 101) The results also are depicted in terms of detection time (not search) the target is detected about ....

Treisman, A. and Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search assymetries. Psychological Review, 95:15-48.

....The final section concludes with some broad generalizations and makes some suggestions for steps that might lead to more effective visualization techniques. 2 Attention, Pre attention, and the Ranking of Perceptual Tasks Much work in the field of (perceptual) psychology [Nei63, Tre90, Tre86, TG88, TCF 90] has been concerned with elaborating a putative dichotomy between processes which are pre attentive and those which require attention. Pre attentive processes are characterized by their speed: they are fast, typically accomplished within 100ms, suggesting that they are performed in ....

....from a varying number of distractors by differences on a single dimension. The temporal latencies of these search tasks is recorded for analysis. Followers in this paradigm seek to determine from the pattern of search latencies those features which are coded automatically in early vision[TG88] In what follows I have singled out a few researchers and their work as representative of work in their field and their era. I will pay particular attention to Pomerantz, as exemplary of early work, to Treisman as a proponent of feature integration theory, and to Enns as an explorer of ....

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Anne Treisman and Stephen Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95:15--48, 1988.

....feature types, resulting in at least 75 primitive feature types. Having argued for voluntarily control over which features can drive attention, we must add that this control is certainly limited. Some visual features may attract attention willy nilly (e.g. Jonides Yantis, 1988; Pashler, 1988; Treisman Gormican, 1988), indicating that it is difficult or impossible to gate out these features. And, based on evidence we discuss below, there are probably bounds on the visual system s ability to gate in or out various feature types. 7 Our framework makes no strong assumptions about the nature of the primitive ....

.... to replicate various aspects of the data (Ahmad, 1991; Ahmad Omohundro, 1991; Gerrissen, 1991; Grossberg, Mingolla, Ross, 1994; Humphreys Muller, 1993; Mozer, 1991; Niebur Koch, 1996; Sandon, 1990) Most of these models are based on feature integration theory (Treisman Gelade, 1980; Treisman Gormican, 1988; Treisman Sato, 1990) or the guided search model (Wolfe, Cave, Franzel, 1989) We will discuss the processes and mechanisms underlying visual search in terms of the model we have developed for this chapter, but our account overlaps significantly with these theories and earlier computational ....

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Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15--48.

....et al. 90] and Pickett [156] and the summary in Table 3.2. collected by a U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory weather satellite [90] 50 3.4 Psychophysical Research Basic work in psychology has resulted in improving models of human perception. Much of this work (e.g. 144] 191] 190] [193] [192] has been concerned with elaborating a putative dichotomy between processes which are pre attentive and those which require attention. Pre attentive processes are characterized by their speed: they are fast, typically accomplished within 100ms, suggesting that they are performed in parallel ....

....screen, and far too many for quick assimilation by users. This cognitive comprehension task for the user is characterized by focused, serially directed visual attention. Research in psychology has shown that the time taken for such tasks is proportional to the number of objects in the visual field [193]. A solution is to display a salient subset C of R, to which we refer as the salient partial model, consisting of those assumptions which have the greatest effect on the design (and therefore upon the presentation as well) The cardinality of C can be varied to maintain an appropriate pace of ....

Anne Treisman and Stephen Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95:15--48, 1988.

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Treisman, A.M., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15--48.

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Treisman, A. M., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15-- 48.

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Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Re#iew, 95,15-- 48.

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Anne Treisman and Stephen Gormican. Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95:15--48, 1988.

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Treisman, A., & Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review, 95, 15-48.

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