E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchi- cal behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics -- Special Issue on Distributed Artifcial Intel- ligence, 21(6):1363 -- 1378, November 1991.  Home/Search   Document Not in Database   Summary   Related Articles   Check

.... models or structures for skill, rule and knowledgebased reasoning, it should make abstraction easy, particularly abstracting behaviors that can represent goals or objectives representing what is being achieved, and plans, procedures or tasks representing how the results are being achieved [7]. A behavior in this context can also have dimensions for when and where activities are taking place, for who are involved in the activities, and for why the behavior has been adopted. Notice that a hierarchical behavior with these dimensions allows agents to improve their coordination, and can ....

....to A 1 [17] In the case of exchange through the blackboard, the agents use a shared global memory on which agents write messages, post partial results and nd appropriate information. On the other hand, several works in DAI have used classical message passing with a protocol and a precise content [7]. Finally, the high level communication approach focuses on dialogue between agents [19, 21] This dialogue allows the generation and the interpretation of utterances which are speech actions planned to convey the information that the speaker is in particular mental states (beliefs, commitments ....

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery, \Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space," IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 21, Dec. 1991, pp. 1363-1378.

....protocols specified in advance by the system designer. Therefore each agent has little knowledge of the system s overall objective or of general strategies for communication and coordination. In other approaches, the main focus is on coordination strategies between multiple decision makers [15, 32, 34, 37, 78, 79]. Consequently, the mental apparatus and inferential mechanisms of agents are obscured under the mere assumption that agents have their own decision making expertise which frequently has to be coordinated when the goals undertaken by individual agents are related. This definition encapsulates the ....

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Trans. On Systems Man and Cybernetics, 21, 1363--1378, 1991.

....knowledge of the system s overall objective or of This definition encapsulates the notion of practical reasoning analysed in [3] and [24] general strategies for communication and coordination. In other approaches, the main focus is on coordination strategies between multiple decision makers [15, 32, 34, 78, 79]. Consequently, the mental apparatus and inferential mechanisms of agents are obscured under the mere assumption that agents have their own decision making expertise which frequently has to be coordinated when the goals undertaken by individual agents are related. However, in the majority of ....

E.H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. In IEEE Trans. On Systems Man and Cybernetics, 21, pages 1363-1378, 1991.

....protocols specified in advance by the system designer. Therefore each agent has little knowledge of the system s overall objective or of general strategies for communication and coordination. In other approaches, the main focus is on coordination strategies between multiple decision makers [15, 32, 34, 37, 78, 79]. Consequently, the mental apparatus and inferential mechanisms of agents are obscured under the mere assumption that agents have their own decision making expertise which frequently has to be coordinated when the goals undertaken by individual agents are related. This definition encapsulates the ....

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Trans. On Systems Man and Cybernetics, 21, 1363--1378, 1991.

....with a powerful representation of that organization, can be used to effect change in a wide range of characteristics from arbitrary perspectives. To help make this notion of organizational adaptation more concrete, we will look at an example from the Producer, Consumer, Transporter (PCT) domain [4]. In this domain, there are conceptually three types of agents: producers, which generate resources; consumers, which use them; and transporters, which move resources from one place to another. In general, a producer and consumer may actually be different faces of a factory, which consumes some F ....

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, 1991.

....to coordination holds great potential for future developments in the field. Another issue is how to scale up to agent societies of hundreds and thousands of agents. There has been interesting work on cooperative behavior of a large number of agents [22] 27] and on organization self design [13], 18] However, this work has been done on simple reactive agents operating in artificial environments. Whether or not the results of this work can be applied to more complex agent societies operating in real world environments is an open question. The challenge of how to design large scale agent ....

# E.H. Durfee and T.A. Montgomery, "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Behavior Space," IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1,363--1,378, 1991.

....of multiple vehicles increases the chance of a successful mission because of the increased robustness, increased security, and increased number of observation points for scouting an area. Multi agent planning and coordination is a focus of much attention in AI reasoning [ Briggs and Cook, 1995; Durfee and Montgomery, 1991; Ephrati et al. 1995; Moses and Tennenholtz, 1990; Moses and Tennenholtz, 1991; Rosenschein and Zlotkin, 1994; von Martial, 1992 ] As automation of intelligent tasks increases, the need arises for heterogeneous agents to work in a common environment. While the need for multiagent planning ....

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363-1378, Nov/Dec 1991.

....Work in DAI Research into multiagent negotiation has many different strands in DAI. One approach explores how to model computationally human negotiation strategies [ Sycara, 1988 ] or how to build sophisticated distributed search techniques for artificial systems inspired by human negotiations [ Durfee and Montgomery, 1991; Lander and Lesser, 1993 ] It aims to find ways to understand and improve (usually cooperative) agents coordination abilities. Another approach attempts to predict the properties of negotiations under formal theoretical frameworks such as game theoretical tools to study how agents should react ....

E.H. Durfee and T.A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Trans. SMC, 21(6):1363--1378, 1991.

....usually combined with and used to model these strategies in order to improve the efficiency of the negotiation. Some other research attempts to develop novel AI techniques based on the characteristics of human negotiations. They see coordination or multiagent negotiation as a distributed search (Durfee Moutyomery 1991; Lander 1994; Lesser 1990) in DAI. In this case, various AI search techniques are proposed together with focused and purposeful communication to improve the efficiency of coordination (Conry et al. 1991; Lander 1994; Sathi Fox 1989) On the other hand, some researchers aim to discover the ....

Durfee, E., and Moutyomery, T. 1991. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Trans. SMC 21(6):1363--1378.

....on Artificial Intelligence Edited by Henri Prade Published in 1998 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2 Related work While several generic approaches have been proposed in the literature concerning goal decomposition and allocation (Contract Nets [16] Partial Global Planning [4] distributed search [5], negotiation [10, 7, 14] motivational behaviors [12, 6] cooperation for achieving independent goals have been mostly treated using task specific or application specific techniques [11, 17] We argue that there is also a need for generic approaches to perform plan coordination. One may ....

E.H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery, `Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior spac', IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 21(6), (1991).

....not provide a deep analysis of when and why they are appropriate. We believe that the right way to think about coordination is through abstractions of these coordination relationships, defined in a domain independent way. These relationships need to be quantified, not just identified. Earlier work [8, 10] has shown that a weakly qualitative approach to answering questions about coordination can lead to unsatisfying answers that different coordination algorithms (organizations, communication patterns, etc. are better or worse depending on the situation. These experiences and the large parameter ....

.... or absence of the relationship, and if it is present appropriately inform the first agent, updating its model, and continuing with one of the other cases below [21] By communicating only when potentially necessary, and at successively greater levels of detail, overall communication is reduced [6, 10]. 4 For some relationships, there is also a chance the benefit will accrue serendipitously without the detection of the relationship. When possible, tasks can be structured to take advantage of this fact, which may reduce coordination costs considerably. 7 Other agent task A facilitates local ....

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, November 1991.

....the discussion section of their papers want to go beyond the questions they can answer from within their framework. Examples of this are: the question of how agents as members of an organization can repare a faulty organization while the strucure of the organization is hardwired into the agents ([28]) or in general the question of the rationality of social behavior while not equiping the agent with a notion of sociality. As stated in [37] it should be possible to define degrees of sociality. In [34] a framework to define degrees of sociality is developed. In the first section, we will ....

Durfee, E.H. and Montgomery, "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Behavior Space", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Special Issue on Distributed Artificial Intelligence, SMC-21(6): 1363-1378, November 1991.

....with a powerful representation of that organization, can be used to effect change in a wide range of characteristics from arbitrary perspectives. To help make this notion of organizational adaptation more concrete, we will look at an example from the Producer, Consumer, Transporter (PCT) domain [4]. In this domain, there are conceptually three types of agents: producers, which generate resources; consumers, which use them; and transporters, which move resources from one place to another. In general, a producer and consumer may actually be different faces of a factory, which consumes some ....

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, 1991.

....that our proposed learning is important for all CDPS systems, especially continuous, systems because it can identify situation specific coordination rules which are adaptive for their own domain problems and environment. Other research has addressed this topic through dynamic organizational design [8, 13] and partial global planning [6, 7] where dynamic meta level information is used to achieve an appropriate level of coordination. These coordination algorithms are always applied to all situations and usually involve extensive communications and inferences by agents. Our research is also related ....

E. Durfee and T. Montgomery, "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Space," IEEE Trans. on System, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 1347-1362, 1991.

.... on DAI offered around the world [44, 45] The research issues that came to the forefront over the last five years are more diverse: Distributed Search: Coordination can be seen as a search for mutually compatible action sequences by agents searching over their local problem solving spaces [46]. Interesting applications of this approach was demonstrated in distributed scheduling [47, 48] and distributed constraint satisfaction [49] The economics of negotiation: Rosenschein and his students [50, 51, 52, 53] as well as a number of other researchers [54, 55] produced a sustained volume ....

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, November/December 1991.

....way to formalize decision situation descriptions such as routine, familiar and unfamiliar situations. It should also make abstraction easy in order to take into account high level information such as what, how, when, who, etc. because such information allows agents to improve their coordination [12]. Finally, the knowledge representation adopted should make case base planning possible in order to reflect adaptation from old cases to new cases, particularly from familiar situations to unfamiliar situations. In other words, the knowledge representation should reflect a dynamic memory structure ....

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery, Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. SMC-21 (1991) 1363-1378.

....to coordination holds great potential for future developments in the field. Another issue is how to scale up to agent societies of hundreds and thousands of agents. There has been interesting work on cooperative behavior of a large number of agents [22, 27] and on organization self design [13, 18]. However, this work has been done on simple reactive agents operating in artificial environments. Whether or not the results of this work can be applied to more complex agent societies operating in real world environments is an open question. The challenge of how to design large scale agent ....

E.H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery, "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Behavior Space," IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-21, No. 6, 1991, pp. 1363--1378.

....of individual agents. Further, we make no assumption that this overall goal structure is consistent typically it is not consistent [16] Nor does this goal structure representation restrict the notion of a goal to a simple description of a first order predicate. More encompassing views of goals [22, 25, 26] that define abstract and complex criteria for guiding problem solving are compatible with the discussions in this section. Goal structures provide an intuitive framework for 14 understanding the strengths and weaknesses of different cooperative control strategies because: Effective cooperative ....

....In other situations, the agents goal structures were too dynamic. There are a number of approaches to resolving these problems. One approach is organizational selfdesign in which the static organizational structure is dynamically adapted or even radically altered as problem solving progresses [25, 26, 31]. Another approach is to augment agentlevel control decisions by incorporating dynamic information about a limited number of other agents goal structures. A third approach is to modify local problem solving so that local problem solving activities are less dynamic in character. This approach ....

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Durfee, E. and Montgomery, T. "Coordination as Distributed Search in a Hierarchical Space," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6): 1363--1378, Nov/Dec 1991.

....distributed control, and local control (no communication) She notes that central control is good when communication is reliable, and local control is good if no communication is needed; otherwise, distributed control is necessary. This is the protocol generally used with multiagent systems ([DM91], vM92] GD94] Unfortunately, planning is intractable, especially if plans must be coordinated: the amount of communication (worst case) grows as the square of the search space, which is itself exponential for deliberative planning ( BC90] Multiagent planning work so far has mostly provided ....

.... which is itself exponential for deliberative planning ( BC90] Multiagent planning work so far has mostly provided mechanisms for interaction ( Geo86] vM92] without attention to this problem, although [GD94] shows a model in which agents use decision theory to decide when to communicate, and [DM91] reduces the cost of communication by sending abstract messages. Previous work on social laws ( MT90] MT91] has shown a method for reducing communication and planning time by reducing the options an agent has at any point. Our work extends the social law paradigm, giving a specific analysis of ....

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, Nov/Dec 1991.

....models involving teams. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, under grant IRI 9308308. 1 Introduction Planning with multiple agents is a problem addressed by many researchers. Some of these have tried to show formalisms that are correct ( Geo86] and sound ([DM91]) One problem not sufficiently addressed is that of communication. An exception is [DM91] which tried to make communication cheaper by using scalably abstract messages. This was good, but communication is still exponential. Coo94] has described three methods of handling multiple agents: ....

....under grant IRI 9308308. 1 Introduction Planning with multiple agents is a problem addressed by many researchers. Some of these have tried to show formalisms that are correct ( Geo86] and sound ( DM91] One problem not sufficiently addressed is that of communication. An exception is [DM91], which tried to make communication cheaper by using scalably abstract messages. This was good, but communication is still exponential. Coo94] has described three methods of handling multiple agents: central control, distributed control, and local control (no communication) She notes that ....

[Article contains additional citation context not shown here]

Edmund H. Durfee and Thomas A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, Nov/Dec 1991.

No context found.

E. Durfee and T. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 21(6):1363--1378, 1991.

No context found.

Durfee, E.H., and Montgomery, T.A. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Special Issue on Distributed AI, SMC-21(6):1363-1378, November 1991.

No context found.

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchi- cal behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics -- Special Issue on Distributed Artifcial Intel- ligence, 21(6):1363 -- 1378, November 1991.

No context found.

E. Durfee and T. Montgomery. Coordination as distributed search in hierarchical behavior space. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1991.

No context found.

E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery, "Coordination as distributed search in a hierarchical behavior space," IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyber., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1363--1378, 1991.

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