T. Anderson et al., "A Case for Now (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, Vol. 15, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 54-64.  Home/Search   Document Details and Download   Summary   Related Articles   Check

....level and the physical layer of the network for transmission or reception. If NOW architectures are to be feasible as massively parallel processors, it is clear that both the interconnection network and the message passing library be implemented efficiently. Such effort is already under way [1]. 15 6.3 Comparison of Message Passing Libraries Figures 10 and 11 compare the performance of the PVMe and the MPL message passing libraries on the SP the execution times have been separated into non overlapping computation and communication components. The graphs show that MPL is ....

Anderson, T. A., Culler, D. E., Patterson, D. A., NOW team, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)". IEEE Micro, February 1995, pp. 54 -- 64.

....Engineering Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA (e mail: ortega sipi.usc.edu) Publisher Item Identifier S 1051 8215(01)03818 6. since in these systems cheap but slower communication links are used (as compared with dedicated parallel systems) 12] 8] [13], 14] The major difficulty in achieving an efficient DWT architecture design (both in terms of memory and communication) is that, with the exception of trivial Haar filters, the DWT is not a block transform. When data has to be processed one block (or one image scanline) at a time in sequential ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, and D. A. Patterson, "A case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, vol. 151, pp. 54--64, Feb. 1995.

....higher performance manifest through increased throughput. However, such systems become prohibitively expensive for large CPU configurations. Three different approaches have emerged within the last decade that provide alternatives to the MPP platform. Local area Networks of Workstations (NOW) [1] take advantage of clusters of uniprocessor workstations connected via a network such as Myrinet or Ethernet. Taking advantage of such commodity parts, NOWs can provide high performance at low cost. For example, Beowulf systems [3] look to leverage low cost, high performance Linux PCs with ....

T. Anderson, D. Culler, D. Patterson, and the NOW Team. "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, Feb. 1995.

....servers acting as an aggregate Middleware Service (MWService) to provide the scalable functionality intended by the iMASH environment, as shown in Figure 8. Such an architecture involving the aggregation of separate computing stations is not novel and is well known as a Network of Workstations [2]. Our MWService is formed from such a network of individual Middleware Servers that can be distributed over either a local or a wide area [31] We will show that our distributed MWService scalably handles under increased offered load conditions by limiting the maximum service time experienced by ....

T. Anderson, D. Culler, D. Patterson. "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, February 1995.

....Another strategy we deployed for increased service scalability is the use of cluster computing platform for constructing our services. We leverage several nice properties of such a platform: incremental scalability, fault tolerance, high availability through redundancy, and high network bandwidth [5]. E. Achieving Fault tolerance for Composed Services Whenever possible, APC should protect users from the failure of individual path components or communication links between them. It strives to provide the illusion that the user is accessing a single robust service entity providing the composed ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, and D. Patterson, "A Case for NOW (Network of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, February 1995.

....implementation is dependent on the low level machine architectures. In recent years, the parallel computing world is gradually moving from expensive parallel computers that can hardly be utilized by common users, to networked computers that are much easier to access. Using network of workstations [2] as parallel computing 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2 platform is a more practical approach, since it is much cheaper to use than dedicated parallel computers. With the technological advances in high speed general purpose networks and the availability of more powerful workstation processors, the ....

....Furthermore, it has a simple cost model for performance analysis and prediction. 2. 2 Parallel Computing over Clustered Computers Since early 1990s, there has been an increasing trend in parallel computing community to utilize the computing powers of network of workstations for parallel computing [2]. The availability of high performance network and increasingly powerful computers is making the usage of clustered computers an appealing approach for cost e ective parallel computing. The introduction of high performance Pentium machines and the Windows NT operating system has enabled a rapid ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, D. A. Patterson, and the NOW team. `A Case for NOW (Network Of Workstations)'. IEEE Micro, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 54-64, February, 1995.

....level and the physical layer of the network for transmission or reception. If NOW architectures are to be feasible as massively parallel processors, it is clear that both the interconnection network and the message passing library be implemented efficiently. Such effort is already under way [18]. Cray Y MP has by far the best performance. The execution time shown is the connect time in single user mode (this includes the I O time also which we were not able to separate from the computation time) The performance of LACE 590 with 16 processors is comparable to the single node performance ....

Anderson, T. A., Culler, D. E., Patterson, D. A., NOW team, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)". IEEE Micro, February

....fault rate. Our method is based on knowledge of events obtained during execution, as communication activity and memory size of every task. The performance of our proposal has been analyzed and compared with other coscheduling implementations by means of simulation. 1 Introduction The studies in [5] indicate that the workstations in a NOW are normally underloaded. This has invited researchers to develop different techniques in an attempt to adapt the traditional uniprocessor time shared scheduler to the new situation of mixing local and parallel workloads [1, 10] Basically, there are two ....

T. Anderson, D. Culler, D. Patterson and the Now team." A case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)". IEEE Micro, 1995.

....price on the market. Therefore, many research groups have started to investigate supporting a shared memory model with less hardware support. They have adopted several different approaches ranging from systems with customized key components [4,6,19] to systems built using no customized hardware [3,15]. We are taking the approach of building it using commodity parts only, i.e. off the shelf workstations and interconnects, and standard non modified operating systems. Because symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) are rapidly emerging on the market we are interested in organizations consisting of ....

Anderson, T., Culler, D., Patterson, D., "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, Vol. 15, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 54-64.

....has received considerable attention in literature and a number of prototype systems (including O S support, languages, and tools) have been built over the last 10 15 years. One such early system is Amoeba [24] that supports dynamic migration of programs. Other notable projects are Berkeley NOW [2] 7 K. Kant et al. On the Potential of PtP Computing Not for distribution or attribution: for review only and Iowa s Batrun system [28] References to a number of key papers on the subject may be found in [19] which describes a system for distributing and executing a parallel program on a ....

....be supported similarly. Another potential usage concerns distributed simulation of problems requiring a lot of resources, again within the confines of an intranet. While such usage is not at all new and has been explored extensively in the context of network of workstations (NOW) type of research [24, 2, 28, 19, 3, 13], the widespread availability of networking (e.g. a company intranet that is distributed over multiple physical sites) allows distributed computing on a much larger scale and in a much more heterogeneous environment than a campus LAN. In the past several years, a number of projects have ....

T.E. Anderson, D.E. Culler, et. al., "A case for NOW (Network of workstations)", IEEE Micro, vol 15, no 1, Feb 1995, pp54-64.

.... is to use commodity computing platforms, such as bus based multiprocessors, that are interconnected to form a network of workstations (NOW) Several research groups are currently studying performance and design issues for this style of building large scale parallel computing platforms [2,7,8]. In this paper we consider a NOW organization built from clusters that are interconnected by ATM technology and where each cluster is a bus based multiprocessor server. In order to support a shared memory programming model on top of the message passing substrate that a NOW provides, a ....

Anderson, T., Culler, D., Patterson, D., "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro. Vol. 15, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 54-64.

....scarce and distributed compute server clusters are becoming the solution of choice. These smaller computers are coupled by networks to achieve the same objective at a substantially lower cost. The Berkley NOW (Network Of Workstations) project was one of the first projects pushing this solution [21]. PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) 22] and MPI (Message Passing Interface) 23] libraries provide messaging and synchronization constructs that are needed for distributed parallel computing with NOW solutions. Projects like Beowulf [24] for Linux are continuing the distributed parallel 8 ....

Anderson T., Culler D., Patterson D., "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)." IEEE Micro 15(1):54-64, February 1995.

....best suited for managing clusters and multicomputers. However, the success of cluster computing is based on the use of low cost, widely used commercial off the shelf (COTS) hardware and software. Thus, in practice, each node of a cluster runs a local copy of what is essentially a uniprocessor OS [1, 4]. Hence, any system level management must be done by middleware, above the OS [10] The cluster level management middleware is key to the operation of clusters. For example, it has long been known that for parallel tasks consisting of communicating processes, independent scheduling of the ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, and D. A. Patterson, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro 15, pp. 54-64 (February 1995).

.... metacomputing environment with enhanced resource management tools, security features, and a wide area aware communication system, Nexus[29] Similar collection and integration of separate services architectures are employed in a number other metacomputing systems such as the Berkeley NOW project[2], MOL[71] and I Soft[30] An alternative approach to metacomputing employed by the Legion project[39,40] is based on distributed active objects. In Legion, all system and application software components are active objects with logically disjoint address spaces[52] These objects interact via ....

T.E. Anderson, D.E. Culler, D.A. Patterson, and the NOW team, "A Case for NOW (networks of Workstations)" IEEE Micro, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 54-64, February, 1995.

....questions involved in the integration of multiple clusters and propose our model to achieve such integration, we tried to identify similar proposals regarding this subject. There is a great number of research projects concerning the integration of multiple workstation clusters, such as NOW [1], Beowulf [2] Globus [7] and Legion [11] The goal of these projects is to allow parallel and distributed programming over geographically distributed, heterogeneous clusters that corresponds to a global computational grid . The differential characteristic of our MultiCluster model is that we are ....

T. Anderson, D. Culler, and D. Patterson. A case for NOW - Network of Workstations. Available by WWW at http://now.cs.berkeley.edu, Out. 1999.

....signals that have been sent or should be sent. 2 The ParPar System In a nutshell, ParPar is a software MPP [4] It is a combination of off the shelf hardware (PCs and a fast LAN) with our software, in order to emulate an MPP efficiently and inexpensively. It is not just a network of workstations [2]: rather, the system is dedicated to serving parallel jobs, at the possible expense of full Unix compatibility. Moreover, it is not a single user system like Beowulf [10] but a general purpose multiuser system like commercial MPPs. The overall design is shown in Fig. 1. This is a host node ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, D. A. Patterson, and the NOW team, "A case for NOW (networks of workstations)". IEEE Micro 15(1), pp. 54--64, Feb 1995.

....becoming scarce and distributed server clusters are becoming the solution of choice. These smaller computers are coupled by networks to achieve the same objective at a substantially lower cost. The Berkley NOW (Network Of Workstations) project was one of the first projects pushing this solution [2]. PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) 3] and MPI (Message Passing Interface) 4] libraries provide messaging and synchronization constructs that are needed for distributed parallel computing with NOW solutions. Projects like Beowulf [5] for Linux are continuing the distributed computing approach. All ....

T.Anderson, et.al, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)", IEEE Micro 15 (1995).

....interconnect topologies may be found in [35] on the consistent history protocol in [36] on the leader election protocol in [29] and on data storage schemes in [52] 53] and [54] 1. 1 Related Work Cluster computing systems such as the NOW project at the University of California, Berkeley [2] and the Beowulf project [3] have shown that networks of workstations can rival supercomputers in computational power. Packages such as PVM [48] 49] and MPI [30] 46] are widely used for parallel programming applications. There have been numerous projects focusing on various aspects of fault ....

T.E. Anderson, D.E. Culler and D.A. Patterson, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations) ," IEEE Micro, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 54--64, 1995.

....(e.g. caching, striping optimizations) automatically. 2.1.4 Cluster File Systems Advances in affordable high performance networking technologies led researchers to harness the collective computing power of workstations as a single computing cluster. For example, Network of Workstations (NOW) [37] is one of such projects. Later, the economy of scale in the PC market al..lowed the construction of supercomputing class machines out of commodity PC elements. This type of PC clusters which use of the shelf high performance network interconnects is collectively called Beowulf Clusters after the ....

T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, and D. A. Patterson, "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations) ," IEEE Micro, vol. 15, pp. 54--64, Feb. 1995.

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T. Anderson, D. Culler, D. Patterson, et. al. "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations) ." IEEE Micro, Feb. 1995.

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T. Anderson et al., "A Case for Now (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, Vol. 15, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 54-64.

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T. E. Anderson et. al., "A case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)", IEEE Micro, Feb 1995.

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T. Anderson, D. Culler, D. Patterson. "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, February 1995.

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T. Anderson, D. Culler, and D. Patterson. "A Case for NOW (Networks of Workstations)," IEEE Micro, 15(1), pp. 54-64, February 1995.

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T. E. Anderson, D. E. Culler, D. A. Patterson, and the NOW team, "A case for NOW (Networks of Workstations) ," IEEE Micro, Feb. 1995.

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